<p>The Frazier Islands are a group of three rocky islands - Nelly, Dewart and Charlton - in the eastern part of Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica, 15 km west-north-west of Clark Peninsula, and 16 km offshore from Australia&#39;s Casey Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands were first photographed from the air in the course of the US Navy&#39;s Operation Highjump, 1946–47. They were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander Paul W. Frazier, a navigator and projects officer with Operation Windmill who visited the area in January 1948, and later served as operations officer with Operation Deepfreeze I at Little America V.</p><br>
<h2>Antarctic Specially Protected Area</h2><br>
<p>The islands are protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.160 because they support the largest of only four known breeding colonies of southern giant petrels on continental Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>The Outing Club is located in the central part of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1977. It is a part of the Vander Veer Park Historic District, which is also on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, the Rev. A.M. Judy of First Unitarian Church saw a need for a place for the young people of his congregation to gather for recreation and sporting activities. He enlisted the support of the Unity Club and they found that the estate of J.D. Brewster on Brady Street near Central Park, now Vander Veer Botanical Park, was available. The house would serve as a clubhouse and the grounds were large enough to support tennis and a variety of field sports. Citizens from the larger community expressed interest. In June 1891 subscriptions to participate in the club began and the required 300 were realized by July. The former Brewster residence was purchased and the club was organized.</p><br>
<p>As the club grew, outdoor concerts and dances were held. A bowling alley and shooting gallery were added. A larger clubhouse was required and a Colonial Revival structure was built. It included dining rooms, smoking and billiard rooms, a reading room and a ballroom. A fire destroyed the building in April 1905, but it was rebuilt and opened in July of the same year. The club has continued to grow over the years and it has expanded its facilities and activities.</p><br>
<p>The Northwest Davenport Turner Society Hall is a historic building located in the old northwest side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. The Northwest Davenport Turner Society Hall is significant for its association with Davenports German community, which was the citys largest and most influential immigrant group. It also played an important role in the civic and cultural life of the northwest Davenport German community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Turners</h3><br>
<p>Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) was a teacher in Berlin who started outdoor physical education classes in 1811. His twin goals were to promote physical fitness and German nationalism. Over the next three decades gymnastic societies known as Turnvereins opened in many German cities. Their members were known as “Turners”, the German word for gymnasts. The societies also served as gathering places for people who desired democratic reforms in the governments of the various German states. They supported the revolution that began in 1848 and when it failed they fled to the United States, and many came to Davenport.</p><br>
<h3>The Turners in Davenport</h3><br>
<p>Among those who came to Davenport were Theodor Gülich and Christian Müller, and their arrival led to the foundation of the Turner society in the city in 1852. Gülichs father and grandfather were active in the Schleswig-Holstein movement prior to the rebellion. He stated in 1854 at the Turners first large public event that the local society would fight against nativism and the domination of the church. It would also work to promote freedom, education and well-being for all people. The early Turners in Davenport took a progressive stand on social issues such as womens rights. They were also promoters of the German Free School Society in Davenport. Many of the early members also had a desire to return to the German states to continue the revolutionary struggle. Initially, the local Turner society was called the Sozialistischer Turnverein (Socialistic Turner Society). While they were harsh critics of American society, they strove to be good Americans. They expected any potential member to become an American citizen before joining. They also participated in the annual Fourth of July celebrations. At the centennial celebration in 1876, however, they stayed true to their anticlerical convictions and left the procession when a prayer was added to the festivities. As time went on, however, their radical attitudes subsided and they gradually abandoned their hopes of returning to Germany. In 1858 the organization changed its name to the Davenporter Turnverein and in 1882 it was changed to the Davenporter Turngemeinde. With the second wave of German immigration in the 1870s the number of Turner societies in Davenport grew from one to three.</p><br>
<h3>Northwest Turners</h3><br>
<p>The Northwest Davenport Turner Society was established in 1871 and their first meeting place was Jacobsens Hall at Locust and Division Streets, which was a combination boarding house and tavern. It was destroyed in a fire on July 4, 1882 and a new building was constructed soon after at 16th and Washington Streets. The Turner Hall continued to serve the physical and mental exercise of its members. Folk festivals were also held in an adjoining garden. The society continued to expand as did German immigration to the city. In 1904 the Turners expanded their hall and they hired Davenport architect Frederick G. Clausen, himself a Schleswig-Holstein native. It was renovated yet again in 1926 and it was the work of Clausens son Rudolph, who continued his father&#39;s firm under the name of Clausen, Kruse and Klein.</p><br>
<p>Both the East and Northwest Turners continued to function in Davenport until at least the 1980s. The Northwest Davenport Turner Society sold their building in 1994 to the Mohassan Grotto, a Masonic organization. They use the building for bingo games that the organization uses for fundraising. They are also exploring other options for the building. The Northwest Turners continue to operate, however, they are an organization without a hall. The membership currently meets at a variety of local venues and they sponsor bowling and golf teams.</p><br>
<h3>Turners in Scott County</h3><br>
<p>At one time there were five Turner halls in Scott County. Two of the other halls were in Davenport. The Central Turner Hall was located near Washington Square on the west side of downtown. Built in 1888, it was the second largest Turner Hall in the United States. The building was damaged in a fire in 1961 and torn down in 1975 to make way for senior citizen housing. The Turner hall in Buffalo (1869) was destroyed in a fire in 1961 and the one in Eldridge (c. 1885) was destroyed in a fire in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main block of the 1882 building was nearly square in its proportions. It was two-stories tall and four bays wide and deep. It was capped with a hipped roof with bracketed eaves, and the roof deck was edged with iron cresting. There was a small gabled dormer centered above the main facade. The main entrance into the facility was located to the right of center and was surrounded by a flat frame that was capped with a shallow, triangular pediment. The gymnasium extended off the back of the main block. Like the main block, it was a frame structure, and it measured 74 ft by 48 ft. Unlike the main block, it was capped with a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The 1904 addition added three more bays to the north side of the main block. The original dormer was removed and two small triangular dormers flanked a projecting bay on the second floor. It culminated in spire with flared eaves. Window treatment on the second floor of the addition matched the original structure. The first-floor windows were triple-storefront windows that flanked a secondary entrance. The main entrance into the facility was placed beneath the projecting bay. The original gymnasium was renovated into a combination movie theater and dance hall. A new gymnasium was attached to the west of the original. It is a brick structure built on a stone foundation and a raised basement. It has a gable roof whose ends culminate in shallow shoulder parapets. The side walls are four bays wide and are divided by flat engaged brick piers and corbelling across the top.</p><br>
<p>The 1926 renovation saw the alteration of the main facade. The windows on the first floor were enlarged, and plate glass windows replaced the double-hung sashes. The projecting bay over the main entrance and its spire was replaced by a hipped-roof dormer. The iron cresting was removed from the roof deck. A full basement was dug under the wood portion of the building. The front part of the building, which faced Washington Street, became two storefronts. The second floor was converted into an apartment. The main entrance opened into a hallway between the storefronts that lead to the auditorium/dance hall.</p><br>
<p>Northwest Davenport Savings Bank is a historic building located in a commercial district in the old northwest section of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Northwest Davenport Savings Bank was established in Davenport around 1910. The Neoclassical style structure was designed by Davenport architect Arthur Ebeling. The building was completed in 1912 in a German-American neighborhood in what was then the northwest corner of the city of Davenport. Its founders were of German-American descent, and lived and operated businesses in the same commercial district. Dr. Jacob S. Weber, a physician, served as the banks first president; Peter Peters, a local merchant, was the first vice-president; and William Burmann was the cashier. It was one of five banks that were still active in the city when President Franklin Roosevelt declared the Bank Holiday in 1933. The others included: American Commercial and Savings Bank, Bechtel Trust Company, Union Savings Bank and Trust, and Home Savings Bank. Only two banks survived, American Commercial and Bechtel, but under new names.</p><br>
<p>On July 7, 1941, Northwest Bank and Trust Company began business in the building. They occupied the structure until 1953 when they moved to their current location on the corner of West Locust and Washington Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The banking industry in Davenport enjoyed significant growth from around 1900 to 1915. The new buildings that were built by them in this era expressed this growth both downtown and in the newly established neighborhood branch banks. For the most part, they were built in some version of the Neoclassical style. This small bank building is a relatively simple single-story brick structure. It is built on a concrete block foundation. The building features engaged columns in the Doric order that support a full entablature and triangular pediment, and pilasters that are topped with egg-and-dart molding on the classically detailed caps. The main entrance has been partially filled in to create a smaller doorway. A small addition was also added to the south side of the building at a later date.</p><br>
<p>The Gosling Islands are a scattered group of islands and rocks lying close south and west of Meier Point, off the south coast of Coronation Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. They were first charted and named "Gestlingen" by Petter Sorlle in 1912–13. This was corrected to "Gjeslingene"  on a later chart by Sorlle. The approved name is an anglicized form recommended by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee.</p><br>
<h2>Important Bird Area</h2><br>
<p>The islands, with a nearby ice-free headland on the south-western coast of Coronation Island, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a large breeding colony of about 10,000 pairs of chinstrap penguins, as well as over 8000 pairs of Adélie penguins.</p><br>
<p>The Barra Strait</p><br>
<p>is a 1 km wide channel located the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It connects the northern and southern basins of Bras dOr Lake, an inland saltwater body that dominates the centre of Cape Breton Island. The border between two of Cape Breton Islands counties runs through the strait; the community of Grand Narrows, in Cape Breton County, is situated on the eastern shore while the community of Iona, in Victoria County is situated on the western shore.</p><br>
<h2>Grand Narrows</h2><br>
<p>The Mikmaq name for the strait was Taawitk, "where the water flows out." An early descriptive name for the strait, Grand Narrows, has persisted as the name of the neighbouring community on the east bank and as the name of the railroad bridge over the Strait. "Grand" to distinguish it from the "Little Narrows," on the same Bras dOr Lake. The Grand Narrows was also known, as far as the Strait is concerned, as the "Barra Strait." This after the Sound of Barra on the Isle of Barra in the Scottish Hebrides, where most of the settlers in this neighbourhood came from about the year 1802. The name, "Barra Strait" was approved November 2, 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The opening of the St. Peters Canal in 1869 saw the Barra Strait become part of a sheltered coastal shipping route between Sydney and the Strait of Canso for sailing and steam powered vessels. Vessels transiting this route are only limited by the size of the lock in the St. Peters Canal, which measures 91.44 m long, 14.45 m wide, and 4.88 m draught.</p><br>
<h2>The bridges</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1880s the Intercolonial Railway of Canada bridged the strait with the Grand Narrows Bridge (also known as the Barra Strait Railway Bridge), the longest railway bridge in the province, crossing between Uniacke Point to the west and Kelly Point to the east. This railway bridge incorporates a swing span to permit the continued passage of marine traffic through the strait. The Government of Nova Scotia operated a small ferry service for motor vehicles across the strait for much of the 20th century. It was replaced in October 1993 with a double leaf bascule bridge, the Barra Strait Bridge, carrying Route 223.</p><br>
<h2>Bathymetry</h2><br>
<p>The Barra Strait is over 50 m deep at its southern entrance between Hectors Point to the west and Derby Point to the east. The strait continues 1.8 km to the north-east where it narrows to slightly more than 500 m between Uniacke and Kelly Points. The bottom rises to a maximum depth of 22.8 m between these points. There is 8 m draught in the navigation channel through the bridge openings. The tidal stream through the Barra Strait runs the strongest at mid-flood and mid-ebb, and attain a rate of 3 knots. The tidal streams set 010°/190° through the strait, except in the vicinity of the swing bridge span where they are deflected NW and SW by Kelly Point.</p><br>
<p>The New River Mountains are a small 14-mi  long, mountain range in central Arizona, and on the north border of the Phoenix valley; the range is located on the southwest perimeter of the Arizona transition zone. The range is a sub-part of landforms extending south from the Black Hills of Yavapai County. Rivers and canyons border east and west; the south of the range is located in Maricopa County, the location of much of the Phoenix metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The New River Mountains are part of a region extending southwards from the southeast of the Black Hills of central Arizona. The region contains mesas, hills, and mountain peaks; the region is bordered on the west by the Black Canyon, where the Agua Fria River flows south towards Phoenix, and on the east, canyons where the Verde River also flows south to enter the Phoenix valley.</p><br>
<p>The small sub-range is about 14 mi long. Hills are attached south and southeastwards of the New River Mesa on the mountain range&#39;s south, and meet the cities at the north of Phoenix, Cave Creek and Carefree. The north of the New River Mountains are attached to two mesas: Squaw Creek Mesa which extends west towards the Black Canyon, and Cooks Mesa which extends east towards West Cedar Mountain. West and East</p><br>
<p>Cedar Mountain lie on the southwest of Tangle Creek, whose outfall lies on the Verde River, and borders the west of the extensive north-south Mazatzal Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The center of the range is located near Benchmark Mountain, 5,855 ft, and the highpoint of the range is at the range&#39;s north, Squaw Mountain, 5,905 ft, located at the east perimeter of Squaw Creek Mesa.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The New River Mountains are easily accessed from Interstate 17 which borders the range on the west. The cities on I-17, directly west and southwest of the range are Black Canyon City, Rock Springs, New River, and Desert Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Cordillera de la Ramada (Spanish for "Range of the Shelter", also called Cordón de la Ramada, in which cordón means ribbon or rope, is a mountain range in the San Juan province of Argentina, bordering on Chile, forming part of the Andes. Its highest peak is Mercedario at 6,720 m.</p><br>
<p>The first ascents of several peaks in the range were achieved by a Polish expedition of 1934 organized by the Tatra Society and led by Konstanty Jodko-Narkiewicz, whose party consisted of S. W. Daszynski, J. K. Dorawski, A. Karpinski, S. Osiecki, and W. Ostrowski. They climbed Mercedario, Alma Negra, Pico Polaco, La Mesa, and Cerro Ramada.</p><br>
<p>The range is clearly visible from the better-known Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Americas at 6,962 m, which is 100 km south of Mercedario, with the result that some of the many climbers who frequent Aconcagua move on to this range, although the area is less easy to access.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to heavy cloud cover, the whole range has formed large glaciers which come to their lower ends at about 4,000 m.</p><br>
<p>La Mesa, at 6,200 m, has especially huge glaciers and is not often climbed. Long ridge traverses are necessary to climb it.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures can be extreme in summer and winter, but the climate is stable in the autumn and the spring. The best time of year for climbing in the range is from mid-December to the end of February.</p><br>
<p>In the lower country beneath the range there are substantial mining industries, producing limestone, dolomite, bentonite, marble, aggregates, calcite and feldspar, as well as silver and gold. Paleontologists have found fossils here of some of the earliest dinosaurs, including the Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor lunensis. Local wildlife includes condors, rheas, guanacos and vicuña.</p><br>
<h2>Mountains</h2><br>
<p>Mercedario, 6,720 m, the eighth highest mountain of the Andes, known in Chile as El Ligua.</p><br>
<p>Ramada Norte, 6,500 m</p><br>
<p>Cerro del Nacimiento, 6,493 m</p><br>
<p>Alma Negra, 6,290 m</p><br>
<p>Cerro Ramada, Argentina and Chile, 6,200 m</p><br>
<p>La Mesa, 6,200 m</p><br>
<p>Pico Polaco, 6,001 m</p><br>
<p>The Shelburne Free Public Library is one of two public libraries in Shelburne, Massachusetts. It is located at 233 Shelburne Center Road, in an architecturally distinctive 1898 Gothic Revival stone structure built out of local riverstone. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Shelburne Free Library stands in the small village of Shelburne Center, just south of Massachusetts Route 2 on the east side of Shelburne Center Road. It is a roughly square 1-1/2 story gable-roofed stone structure, built of local stone laid in an uncourse mortared manner. Its main facade is symmetrical, with the main entrance set in a segmented-arch recess whose side and end walls are paneled. Flanking this recess on either side are narrow rectangular windows. The gable rises to a level slightly above that of the main roof, and has small buttresses at the ends. The side walls each have three windows. A single-story addition, built out of similar materials, projects southward from the rear corner.</p><br>
<p>The library was founded in 1854 by William and Walter Wells, who established a lending library in one of their homes, and charged an annual fee of $3 for its use. The Wellses amassed a collection of 2,000 books that rivaled that of the Arms Library, a free library established in Shelburne Falls a few years earlier. The library was formally organized in 1895, and the present building&#39;s main block was built in 1898. The stones used in its construction were reportedly gathered from all over the rural community and brought to the site, stockpiled over years until a sufficient quantity were accumulated. The addition, built in 1952-53, was also built out of local stone, carefully chosen and laid to match the original.</p><br>
<p>The 12 rowhouses at 322–344 East 69th Street are located on the south side of that street between First and Second avenues on the Upper East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. They are Neo-Grec brownstone structures built around 1879, in two sets designed by different architects.</p><br>
<p>Together they constitute one of few remaining areas of low-rise rowhouse development in a neighborhood where many such houses have been demolished in favor of high-rises. In 1984 they were recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The houses are three-story brownstones, some of which have been painted. Their raised rusticated basements all have segmental-arched windows and stoops leading to the main entrance. The stoops lead to double-doored main entrances flanked by narrow parlor windows. At the flat rooflines are galvanized iron cornices with dentils and angular brackets.</p><br>
<p>There are distinctions between the western six houses (Nos. 322–332) and the eastern six (334–344), built after the first two, primarily in the door and window enframements. The main entrances of the former group have slab lintels on stylized brackets with the flanking windows having simple lip lintels and sills on corbels similar to the entrance brackets. The upper windows have sills on simpler corbels.</p><br>
<p>The eastern houses have more elaborate enframements. Their main entrances are enframed with deep lintels on angular brackets. The windows are fully enframed and have more complex lintels. There have been no major changes to any of these houses. Some of the dwellings have fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>At 328 East 69th, in the western row, there was the only significant addition or structural alteration to any of the houses when a garage was cut into the basement. Other houses have had doors or windows replaced. All the original cast iron railings have been removed and replaced.</p><br>
<p>The row is in the central portion of the block, with more extensively modified rowhouses on either side leading to high-rises that anchor the block at the intersections. At the east end is the First Hungarian Reformed Church of New York, designed by Emery Roth and also listed on the Register. The adjacent house is owned by the church and serves as its parsonage.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the street are higher, more modern apartment buildings. The area as a whole is high-density urban mixed use development typical of Manhattan. Talent Unlimited High School is to the south on East 68th Street. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical School two blocks to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Upper East Side had been gradually developing as the economy recovered from the Panic of 1873. In 1878, a housing boom began with the completion of the Third Avenue El, putting the neighborhood within easy commuting distance of Midtown and Lower Manhattan where most businesses were. The blocks to the east of Third were very quickly developed with speculative rows, which sold quickly.</p><br>
<p>At that time most were built in the Neo-Grec architectural style. Using forms and scale similar to the Italianate styles popular before and during the Civil War two decades earlier, the Neo-Grec differs in its detailing. Buildings in that style used angular, more geometric forms for their ornamentation, as opposed to the curvilinear forms preferred on Italianate buildings. These reflect the use of early stonecutting machines, which could not yet duplicate the latter.</p><br>
<p>The buildings in the western half, Nos. 322–332, were built first. Architect Jacob Valentine designed them for builder James E. Ray in 1879. Among the many Neo-Grec rowhouses Valentine built in the area at the time, there are few survivors other than these. Ray hired William J. Smith for the eastern buildings, begun later in 1879 and completed the following year.</p><br>
<p>There have been few changes to the exteriors of the buildings. The original cast iron railings on the stoops were replaced some time after 1945, when a photograph shows them all in place. In 1966, the basement of 328 East 69th was converted into a garage. The houses themselves have remained as newer high-rises have displaced most of the other rowhouses built in the early years of the Upper East Side, a rare surviving group of buildings from that era. But there has been substantial renovation of building interiors; for example, 342 East 69th Street has had new windows, plumbing, electricity, roof, floor boards, and cooling systems.</p><br>
<p>The buildings have had huge price appreciation in the last few decades. For example, building 342 was valued at $1.1 million in 1990; in 2004 it was valued at $2.9 million; by December 2010, it was valued at $4.7 million.</p><br>
<p>The Candoro Marble Works is a marble cutting and polishing facility located in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Established as a subsidiary of the John J. Craig Company in 1914, the facilitys marble products were used in the construction of numerous monumental buildings across the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Although Candoro closed in 1982, independent marble fabricators continued using the facility until the early 21st century, when it was purchased by the preservation group, South Knox Heritage. In 1996, several of the facilitys buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>By the beginning of the 20th century, East Tennessee had become one of the nations major suppliers of finished marble. The John J. Craig Company, which operated several quarries in the vicinity of Knoxville, was one of the regions top marble suppliers during this period. John J. Craig III, grandson of the companys founder, and three co-investors&mdash; F.C. Anderson, W.J. Donaldson, and S.A. Rodgers&mdash; established Candoro to cut and polish the companys quarried and imported marble. The name "Candoro" is a combination of the first letters of each cofounders last name. The companys showroom and garage, completed in 1923, was designed by noted Knoxville architect Charles I. Barber (1887&ndash;1962).</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Candoro Marble Works is located in South Knoxville&#39;s Vestal community along Candora Road, spanning most of the north side of the road between its Maryville Pike (State Route 33) and Spruce Road intersections. The showroom is the easternmost building, lying adjacent to Maryville Pike, and is connected to Candora Road by an oft-photographed tree-lined allée. The large cutting facility lies to the west of the showroom and garage, and the finishing building lies immediately west of the cutting facility. A smaller building housing the boilers and company offices stands in front of the finishing building.</p><br>
<p>A marble scrap yard lies across the street from the cutting facility. Behind the scrap yard lies one of the so-called Witherspoon sites, where radioactive materials from the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge were recycled in the 1960s and 1970s. The Witherspoon sites were at the heart an environmental controversy in the 1980s that led to a multimillion-dollar cleanup effort by the Department of Energy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the years after the Civil War, East Tennessee experienced a quarrying boom that focused on a type of pinkish Holston Formation limestone known as "East Tennessee marble." By 1900, nearly a dozen companies were operating quarries or finishing facilities in and around Knoxville, giving the city the nickname, "The Marble City." The John J. Craig Company, one of the most successful of these companies, operated quarries near Friendsville in Blount County and near Concord in Knox County.</p><br>
<p>To convert his companys quarried marble into finished products, John J. Craig III established a subsidiary, the Candoro Marble Company, which built the Candoro Marble Works complex. The site in South Knoxville was chosen for its proximity to both the railroad and Goose Creek, the latter of which provided water for the complexs steam boiler, which powered the complex&#39;s massive cutting machinery in the years before cheap electricity was available. While the company initially used its own locally quarried stone, it gradually began to rely more and more on marble imported from Europe and South America.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, Candoro hired Carrara, Italy-born stone carver Albert Milani (1892&ndash;1972) as its chief carver. During Milanis 40-year tenure, Candoro provided marble for buildings such as the Smithsonian Museum of History and Technology and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, as well as local buildings such as the Knoxville Post Office building. Notable hand-carvings by Milani include the History of the World relief at the Pennsylvania State Capitol and the four eagle sculptures flanking the entrances of the Knoxville Post Office. Milanis carvings were shipped to customers as far away as Pakistan and Japan.</p><br>
<p>The use of marble in building construction declined after World War II, and Candoro shut down operations in 1982. Independent marble fabricators used the company&#39;s facilities until the early 21st century, when a group of historic preservationists purchased the Candoro office building for preservation purposes and made the space available to the South Knoxville Arts and Heritage Center (later known as the Candoro Arts and Heritage Center). The South Knox Arts and Heritage Center initiated efforts to restore the Candoro office and showroom. The group currently uses the showroom to house various art exhibitions and community events. Since 2001, the Candoro grounds have hosted the Vestival, a festival held annually in May that features live music and craft vendors. The Candoro office and showroom building was acquired by the Aslan Foundation on April 15, 2014 and continues to be utilized by the Candoro Arts and Heritage Center.</p><br>
<h2>Candoro Marble Works historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Candoro Marble Works complex was initially added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 for its role in Knoxvilles early 20th century marble industry. In 2005, the complexs showroom and garage were relisted to include architecture in their area of importance. The complex&#39;s four water towers are listed as contributing structures, and a now-vacant marble yard behind the showroom is listed as a contributing site.</p><br>
<h3>Showroom and garage</h3><br>
<p>The Candoro Marble Works showroom is a two-story building with a marble veneer exterior completed in 1923. Architect Charles I. Barber of the firm Barber & McMurry designed the building primarily in the Beaux-Arts style, and Albert Milani executed the marble detailing. The buildings facade features a hand-carved cartouche and floral motif and a wrought-iron door crafted by Philadelphia master blacksmith Samuel Yellin (1885&ndash;1940). The showrooms interior includes an entrance hall with polished travertine and frescoed plaster walls and a hand-carved marble rosette. Adjacent to the entrance hall is a room with East Tennessee pink marble walls. The building&#39;s floor consists of black-and-white marble tile. A second-story penthouse sits atop the showroom building.</p><br>
<p>The garage, also designed by Barber, consists of four arched bays separated by four marble Tuscan columns carved by Milani. The lower half of the garage&#39;s exterior consists of the same marble veneer as the showroom, while the upper half is covered with stucco. The roof of the garage is covered with Roman tiles. A non-structural wall connects the showroom and garage.</p><br>
<h3>Other contributing buildings</h3><br>
<p>The cutting facility, built in 1914, is a large steel-frame warehouse-style building.</p><br>
<p>The polishing and shipping/receiving building, built in 1914, is a concrete-and-steel structure with angular roofs covering each individual bay. This building once housed the complex&#39;s polishing machinery and shipping bay.</p><br>
<p>The boiler room and office, constructed in 1914, consists of a one-story front section that contained the complexs offices and a two-story back section that contained the complexs boiler. The interior of the office section contains East Tennessee marble floors, wainscoting, and railing.</p><br>
<p>The Nemadji State Forest is a state forest located primarily in Pine County, Minnesota. A small portion of the forest extends into neighboring Carlton County. The eastern perimeter of the forest borders the state of Wisconsin. It is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Gray wolves, white-tailed deer, and eagles are present in the forest.</p><br>
<p>The topography of the forest varies from rolling upland sites to extensive swamps in the southern and northeastern portion of the forest. The forest is divided between two watersheds: the Willow River and Lower Tamarack River along with the southern two-thirds of the forest, eventually feed into the St. Croix River, whereas, the numerous streams in the northern one-third portion of the forest lead to Lake Superior. The area&#39;s old-growth forest was logged throughout the nineteenth century, with the Willow, Tamarack, and Nemadji Rivers being used to drive logs down the St. Croix to sawmills in Stillwater. The majority of the forest came under the ownership of the state after tax forfeitures in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Popular outdoor recreational activities are hunting, fishing and boating on lakes, birdwatching, and dispersed camping. Trails are well-developed and extensive in the forest: 3 mi trails are designated for hiking and cross-country skiing in the wintertime, 32 mi for horseback riding, with 121 mi designated for both Class I and II all-terrain vehicle and off-highway motorcycling use. Additionally, a segment of the Willard Munger State Trail, known as the "boundary segment" for its location near the Minnesota&ndash;Wisconsin border, traverses the forest.</p><br>
<p>Haswell Island is the largest of the Haswell Islands, lying off the coast of Antarctica, about 1.5 nmi north of Mabus Point in Queen Mary Land. It was discovered by the Western Base Party of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–14, under Mawson, and named by him for Professor William A. Haswell, a zoologist at Sydney University and a member of the expedition&#39;s Advisory Committee.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island is a unique site for almost all bird species breeding in East Antarctica, including Antarctic petrels, Antarctic fulmars, Cape petrels, snow petrels, Wilson&#39;s storm petrels, south polar skuas and Adélie penguins. To the south-east of the island, there is a large colony of emperor penguins breeding on fast ice. The island and the adjacent emperor penguin rookery site are protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.127. The area also supports five species of seals, including Ross seals.</p><br>
<p>Hawker Island is an irregularly shaped island about 2 km long, lying some 7 km south-west of Davis Station between Mule Island and Mule Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, in the eastern part of Prydz Bay, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. It was remapped by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions  and named after Alan Charles Hawker, a radio supervisor at Davis Station in 1957.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island supports a breeding colony of southern giant petrels – the southernmost such colony on continental Antarctica – as well as Adélie penguins and Cape petrels. The site is protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.167.</p><br>
<p>Hawkes Heights is an ice-filled crater rising to 2,000 m that dominates the southern part of Coulman Island, in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and marks the island&#39;s summit. The feature was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition , 1958–59, for Captain William M. Hawkes, USA Navy, who took a leading part in early air operations from Williams Field near McMurdo Station, including long range photo reconnaissance and supply flights, and the first air landing at the South Pole. He was commander of one of the two planes which made the historic first flight from Christchurch to McMurdo Station on December 17, 1955. His air photos proved of great value to two NZGSAE parties to this part of Victoria Land. Mount Hawkes is also named for Hawkes, who was assigned to Air Development Squadron Six  in 1955–56.</p><br>
<p>The Marshall Archipelago is an extensive group of large ice-covered islands within the Sulzberger Ice Shelf off Antarctica. Several of the islands were discovered and plotted by the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions  and by the United States Antarctic Service , all led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The full extent of the archipelago was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and USA Navy air photos . The name was proposed by Admiral Byrd for General of the Army George C. Marshall, who made financial contributions as a private individual and also, on the same basis, provided advisory assistance to the Byrd expedition of 1933–35.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Benton Island (77&deg;4&prime;S latitude, 147&deg;53&prime;W longitude) is an island 4 nmi in length, lying northwest of Nolan Island and 5 nmi west of Przybyszewski Island in the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Cronenwett Island (77&deg;0&prime;S latitude, 150&deg;0&prime;W longitude) is an island 20 nmi in length making it the longest island in the archipelago. The island lies between Vollmer Island and Steventon Island in the Marshall Archipelago. Although the island is near Vollmer Island, Vollmer Island is not actually considered one of the islands of the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Grinder Island (77&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 149&deg;20&prime;W longitude) is an island 7 nmi in length and 1 nmi in width. The island lies 13 nmi southwest of Steventon Island within the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Hannah Island (76&deg;39&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;48&prime;W longitude) is an island lying between Hutchinson Island and Guest Peninsula lying within the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Hutchinson Island (76&deg;47&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;53&prime;W longitude) is an island 15 nmi long, lying 10 nmi east of Vollmer Island.</p><br>
<p>Kramer Island (77&deg;14&prime;S latitude, 147&deg;10&prime;W longitude) is an island 2 nmi in length and is situated between Nolan Island and Court Ridge in the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Madden Island (77&deg;27&prime;S latitude, 149&deg;3&prime;W longitude) is an island 4 nmi in length and is located between Moody Island and Grinder Island in the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Orr Island (77&deg;38&prime;S latitude, 149&deg;36&prime;W longitude) is an island 5 nmi in length and lies 3 nmi southwest of Grinder Island in the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Przybyszewski Island (76&deg;58&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;45&prime;W longitude) is an island 12 nmi in length and lies 3 nmi east of Cronenwett Island in the Marshall Archipelago. Barela Rock appears to be a rock formation of interest, located in the southern portion of Przybyszewski Island.</p><br>
<p>Thode Island (77&deg;2&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;3&prime;W longitude) is an island 1 nmi northwest of Benton Island and 5 nmi east of Przybyszewski Island in the Marshall Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Hamlin Valley is a mostly north-south trending valley of the Great Basin located on both sides of the Nevada–Utah state line. It is about 60 mi long. Its north-northeast end point adjacent the state line, is the southwest start region of the Snake Valley .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Hamlin Valley lies between the Mountain Home Range on the east and Indian Peak Range on the southeast and south, and the Needle Mountains, White Rock Mountains, and Limestone Hills on the west. On the north it merges with Snake Valley, about 11 mi south of Garrison; the south of the Snake Range north-northwest, causes the north valley to narrow and change to northeasterly, as the valley merges into Snake Valley. The north end of the valley is located at 38&deg;45&prime;20&Prime;N latitude, 114&deg;4&prime;30&Prime;W longitude, and the south end at 37&deg;57&prime;33&Prime;N latitude, 113&deg;56&prime;50&Prime;W longitude. Rosencrans Well is located just southwest of the valley&#39;s center.</p><br>
<p>The Hamlin Valley Wash is an ephemeral stream running through the valley, flowing north-northwest, then due north. It originates in the foothills north of Modena, Utah, (in a widening valley origin, southeast, south, and southwest, about 8 mi wide), and drains northwest, following the Hamlin Valley into Nevada. This southeast stretch of the valley trends north-northwesterly, about 25 mi, as do the Indian Peak and White Rock Mountain&#39;s central ridgelines, east and west.</p><br>
<p>The Hamlin Valley Wash disappears near the north end of the valley. Adjacent at the disappearing region 2.5 mi west, Big Springs Creek, originates from Big Springs, at the southeast foothills of the Snake Range, and flows north past Burbank and into the Snake Valley, joins Lake Creek, and empties into Pruess Lake. The Hamlin and Snake valleys together constitute a closed drainage basin.</p><br>
<h2>Testing incident</h2><br>
<p>In 1953, at a sheep camp in Hamlin Valley, Elma Mackelprang observed tiny whitish flakes swirling through the air. They were part of the fallout associated with the Grable experiment, part of the Operation Upshot–Knothole series of nuclear weapon tests, the most reckless and dirtiest ever conducted in Nevada. Mackelprang later experienced symptoms of radiation poisoning.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Orphan Asylum is an historic institutional orphanage and former hospital building located in the Mosher neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It has also been known as West Baltimore General Hospital, Lutheran Hospital of Maryland and is currently being redeveloped by Coppin Heights Community Development Corporation to be a Center for Healthcare & Healthy Living.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1875, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum in Baltimore, Maryland replaced the old Calverton Mansion (built in 1815) when a fire destroyed the mansion in 1874. The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, which started in 1872 in the Calverton Mansion depended on donations from people within the Baltimore Jewish community, including the wealthy German Jewish community that had settled within the city. The history of the asylum follows the history of the Jewish community in Baltimore, which increased rapidly with immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The building transitioned to serve as the West Baltimore General Hospital from 1923 through 1945 and finally the Lutheran Hospital of Maryland from 1945 to 1989. While associated structures associated with the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, the West Baltimore General Hospital, and the Lutheran Hospital of Maryland were demolished in 2009, the original four-story brick Romanesque structure still stands.</p><br>
<p>The building is a south-facing Victorian Romanesque red brick structure. Its central block is four stories high and five bays wide, with a large porch and projecting turrets at each corner. The central block is flanked by three-story wings, each four bays wide, on the west and east. The Hebrew Orphan Asylum was designed by Lupus & Roby, the partnership of Edward Lupus (1834–1877) and Henry Albert Roby (1844–1905), and constructed by Edward Brady (1830–1900).</p><br>
<p>The history of the development at the site of the current building began in 1815 with the construction of “Calverton,” the country home of Baltimore banker Dennis Smith. This building was re-purposed and expanded for use as the Baltimore City and County Almshouse from 1820 through 1866. Calverton featured a central mansion for caretakers, large wings on either side for male and female dormitories and a "lunatic" hospital. The Hebrew Orphan Asylum was established in 1872 and operated in the Calverton mansion until displaced by a fire in 1874. After some deliberation, the leaders of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum decided to rebuild at the same location following a design by architects Lupus & Roby.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Orphan Asylum moved to a new facility in 1923 and the building transitioned to serve as the West Baltimore General Hospital from 1923 through 1945. The facility then became the Lutheran Hospital of Maryland and remained in use from 1945 to 1989. The history of the building as a hospital included the addition of several related structures to the campus only one of which, a 1945 maternity ward, remaining extant. This building, designed by Henry Powell Hopkins and built by the John K. Ruff Company, now operates as the Tuerk House, a residential drug and alcohol rehab facility. The original Hebrew Orphan Asylum building has been vacant since 1989 and has been owned by Coppin State University since 2003.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Heritage, a nonprofit historic preservation advocacy organization, nominated the Hebrew Orphan Asylum to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 in partnership with Coppin Heights Community Development Corporation, a nonprofit CDC originally formed by Coppin State University.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Kanmaw Kyun or Kanmaw Island is an island in the Andaman Sea along the coast of southeastern Burma , and is part of the Mergui Archipelago. Administratively, it is located in Kyunsu Township, Myeik District, in the Taninthayi Region. On the northeastern side of the island is the town of Kyunsu which is the administrative seat for the township. The island covers a total area of 409 km².</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Under the British, the island was known as Kisseraing Island, Kithareng or Ketthayin. After the June 1989 "Adaptation of Expressions Law" the island&#39;s name was changed to Kanmaw, named after the town of Kanmaw on the northeastern coast, which is now called Kyunsu.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kanmaw is located in the Andaman Sea in the east central Mergui Archipelago. Kanmaw is surrounded by other islands of the archipelago. This includes the elongated Letsok-aw Island to the west, and Money Island and Sabi Island above that, Julian Island and Tucker Island and Sakanthit Island further to the north and larger islands to the east, Medaw and the larger Singu Island. Kanmaw, covering about 409 km&sup2, with a coast line of 130.4 km in the Mergui Archipelago is almost densely forested with Tropical rain forest and dry deciduous forests and a number of short rivers raising in the forested hills. It has sandy beaches and coral reefs along its coast line.</p><br>
<p>The larger villages on Kanmaw aside from the main town of Kyunsu are Bemagyauk Ywa, Thechaung and Mawngaungdon Ywa on its east coast and Yedwindaung Ywa on its west coast with Sidongyaung in the mid-west to the northeast of Yedwinfaung Ywa.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The economy of the Kanmaw is dependent on rubber plantations. To improve the economic conditions, village roads are being built in the island. A shrimp farming project was also launched in May 2001 said to be the largest foreign investment project in the livestock-breeding sector.</p><br>
<p>The Ruth and Raymond G. Perelman Building—originally the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company Building—is an annex of the Philadelphia Museum of Art containing exhibition galleries, offices, conservation labs, and the museum library. It is an Art Deco building that features cathedral-like entrances and is adorned with sculpture and gilding. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Perelman Building is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and Fairmount Avenue, facing the Philadelphia Museum of Art&#39;s main building across Kelly Drive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Philadelphia architectural firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary, which had collaborated on the Philadelphia Museum of Art, designed the building to be the headquarters for Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company. Construction began in 1926 and the building was completed in 1928. Sculptor Lee Lawrie created its decorative scheme, which features polychrome facades adorned with figures symbolizing attributes of insurance: the owl of wisdom, the dog of fidelity, the pelican of charity, the opossum of protection, and the squirrel of frugality. Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company occupied the building from 1927 to 1972. In 1982, it was acquired and restored by the Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company, which in turn relocated in 1999.</p><br>
<h3>Philadelphia Museum of Art restoration</h3><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Museum of Art acquired the building in 1999 through the City of Philadelphia. In anticipation of its 125th anniversary in 2001, the museum began a capital campaign that collected $240 million in donations. In recognition of the $15 million contributed by the Perelmans, the annex was renamed the Ruth and Raymond G. Perelman Building in 2000. Gluckman Mayner Architects restored and renovated the historic building, and expanded it with a 59,000 ft2 addition. The Perelman Building opened on September 15, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>The Perelman Building&#39;s six galleries total 2,000 ft2 of exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>The Julien Levy Gallery is dedicated to photographs from the museum&#39;s collection of over 150,000 prints, drawings, and photographs.</p><br>
<p>The Joan Spain Gallery is dedicated to exhibition of the museum&#39;s costume and textiles collection, which has over 30,000 works.</p><br>
<p>The Collab Gallery shows modern and contemporary design art ranging from furniture to ceramics.</p><br>
<p>The Exhibition Gallery hosts changing special exhibitions.</p><br>
<p>Two study galleries provide resources to art scholars, and are available to the public by appointment and an educational resource center for teachers.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s library holds collections of art books and periodicals on the first floor and a reading room on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Chino Valley of Arizona is a large, 70-mi  long valley, centered on Seligman, Arizona in northwest Yavapai County and southwest Coconino County. The valley is located at the southwest of the Coconino Plateau and lies in the extreme northwest of Arizona&#39;s transition zone.</p><br>
<p>Big Chino Wash drains the valley&#39;s center, and is one of the major northwest watersheds feeding into the Verde River, which drains southeast, then due south to meet the Salt and Gila Rivers at Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>Chino Valley, Arizona and Paulden lie at the southeast terminus of the valley&#39;s southern section, and is the common named beginning region of the Verde River.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Chino Valley has a 23-mi (40 km) long north-south section, north of Seligman. The southern section leaves the mesas and flatlands of the southwest Coconino Plateau, and begins a southeast trending route between foothills of mountain ranges to the west, and southwest; Big Black Mesa and an escarpment borders the lower southern section on its northeast, with Big Chino Wash, paralleling 4 mi southwest.</p><br>
<p>The southeast terminus of the southern section ends at Sullivan Lake, an intermittent lake of Big Chino Wash. It is also the beginning of a small canyon section of the Verde River. Paulden is located at Sullivan Lake and the lower watershed region of Chino Valley&#39;s south section.</p><br>
<p>The townsite of Chino Valley lies 9 mi due south of Paulden at the north and west section of a separate, north-trending valley, Little Chino Valley. Arizona State Route 89, a north-south stretch from Prescott to Ash Fork, goes through Chino Valley and Paulden; the Little Chino Valley lies east of the route at Chino Valley, AZ, and the route climbs into the higher elevations of the southwest Coconino Plateau, 5 mi northeast of Paulden at the east end of the Big Black Mesa.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<h3>Trees</h3><br>
<p>The valleys and lower elevation mountain slopes in northwest Arizona are often covered with junipers and pinyons as part of the pinyon-juniper woodland ecotone. The Colorado Pinyon and Utah juniper-(Juniperus osteosperma), found here in sections of Chino Valley are partially located in the Prescott National Forest. Juniper trees are often harvested for firewood, by federal permit.</p><br>
<p>--&gt</p><br>
<p>The Visitors Information Center, also known as the Rose Building, is a historic building located in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1948, it is noted as a prominent product of its architect John Yeon. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In this, his only major non-residential commission, Yeon combined the principles of the International style with strong influences of the Northwest Regional style, which he pioneered. Northwest Regional elements include the naturally-inspired color scheme, the use of plywood walls and louvered ventilation panels, and concern for the site&#39;s unique views.</p><br>
<p>The building has served as a chamber of commerce office and information center, city offices, a restaurant, and the headquarters of the Portland Rose Festival. Originally situated adjacent to a freeway in a highly developed waterfront district, the Visitors Information Center was subsequently retained when Tom McCall Waterfront Park was developed around it. It now stands within the park.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Maria Mountains are a 16-mi  long mountain range in central-northwest Arizona, and in northwest Yavapai County. The range lies in a region of mesas and mountain ranges in the northwest of Arizonas transition zone. The Santa Maria Mountains lie east of the transition zones northwest perimeter, the parallel Aquarius and Mohon Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The townsite of Tucker, Arizona lies 8 mi east, and is located just west of Chino Valley, AZ. Tucker lies in the center-east of the small Williamson Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Maria Mountains are northwest-southeast trending and attached to a smaller range on its south, the Cornell Mountains. The small Chino Valley north-trending tributary Williamson Valley Wash and Valley, border the range&#39;s east. Numerous hills, peaks, mesas, and flats are in the region. North Fork Creek and Juniper Mesa-(part of southeast Juniper Mountains), border north. Tailholt Mesa, borders southeast, east of the Cornell Mountains.</p><br>
<p>On the range&#39;s northwest, Sawmill and Johnson Flats merge west into the Mohon Mountains. Southwest are other various ridges and mesas, that are all part of smaller mountain areas just northeast of the mining district of Bagdad.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain peaks</h3><br>
<p>Various peaks are in the range. The northwest area has Bear Mountain, Janes Butte, and Dairy Mountain, 7,165 ft. The center-south of the range is at Granite Knob, 6,625 ft. Bald Mountain, 5,900 ft, is northeast; just southwest, closer to the Cornell Mountains, is the range highpoint, Hyde Creek Mountain, 7,272 ft. The Apache Creek Wilderness is adjacent north of Hyde Creek Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Craven Hall is a historic building located in Warminster Township, Pennsylvania, at the corner of Newtown Road and East Street Road , a five-lane arterial road which runs through the central commercial district. The house was originally built in 1780, with subsequent work in 1823 and a single story addition in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is a good example of attempts to adapt the high style of Philadelphia architecture to buildings in a rural setting. The Greek Revival detailing of the exterior, and the interior details of the window and door frames and the mantelpiece, along with its sensitivity to proportion, make it unique to rural southeastern Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Craven Hall is associated with families that were part of the American Revolution and prominent in local Pennsylvania history. The house was built for John Craven who was the founder of Johnsville, Pennsylvania. Later, the house passed down to members of the VanSant, Longstreth, Hart and Bennett families.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The house is two and a half stories, built with stone walls finished with stucco. The central hallway and staircase are flanked by parlor rooms on either side. A side wing built to the same height as the main building has quarter-round windows on each side of the chimney. The building retains the original fireplaces and the kitchen hearth.</p><br>
<p>The spring house in the rear yard is built underground with stone and stucco walls, and accessed by a staircase.</p><br>
<p>Mount Jumbo  is an iconic mountain that overlooks the city of Missoula, Montana. The mountain is northeast of the city’s downtown and, in its majority, is publicly owned. In 1996, Jumbo was purchased from private landowners and protected from development. Funding for this purchase came from an open space bond, federal and non-profit agencies and thousands of local contributors. Additional land parcels have been purchased since then, increasing the easement to its current 1,800 acres.</p><br>
<h2>Natural History</h2><br>
<p>Glacial Lake Missoula</p><br>
<p>Between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago, Glacial Lake Missoula formed when an ice sheet blocked the Clark Fork River, damming up the river’s water back into the valleys of western Montana. The dam would periodically burst causing a flood of water to rush across Idaho, Washington and Oregon to the Pacific Ocean. This lake contained about 2,100 km3 of water, half the volume of Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>These dramatic drops in water levels caused the distinct glacial lake shoreline marks that are still visible from the floor of the Missoula Valley on the face of Mount Jumbo and neighboring Mount Sentinel.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>David Thompson, an English-Canadian fur trader, ignoring the Salish name already given, renamed the hill Brown Knowl when he climbed in on February 26, 1812. Later, eastern settlers thought Mount Jumbo looked like a sleeping elephant. Locals saw the landform as a reclining elephant with its rump in the Clark Fork and its trunk pointing north toward the Rattlesnake Mountains; the round grassy mountain became known as Elephant Hill. Miners christened a nearby copper mine Jumbo Lode in honor of Barnum and Bailey&#39;s most famous attraction Jumbo, the largest elephant in the world, which Barnum acquired in 1882. The feature was later renamed Mount Jumbo.</p><br>
<h2>Protecting Mount Jumbo</h2><br>
<p>In 1995, Missoula citizens approved a $5 million bond to preserve open, natural areas in the county. A year later, $2 million from that bond and another $1.5 million raised by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the USA Forest Service, Five Valleys Land Trust, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and local residents was used to purchase the majority of the mountain. This initial portion included 1,465 acres. Since then, additional land purchases have opened a total of 1,800 acres across Mount Jumbo to public access as well as wildlife preservation.</p><br>
<p>The primary reason for protecting Mount Jumbo in 1996 was that a dense subdivision had been approved for the mountain’s saddle.</p><br>
<p>Mount Jumbo&#39;s saddle is identified as an essential winter-feeding habitat for elk herds. Of the elk herds living near Missoula the herd on Jumbo is considered the most restricted in its movements.</p><br>
<p>Most parts of the mountain are closed during the winter to protect the elk that are under more stress at this time of year due to harsh weather and decreased food availability. The northern portion of Mount Jumbo is closed Dec. 1 until May 1, while the southern part is closed Dec. 1 to March 15.</p><br>
<p>A stabilization in Jumbo&#39;s herd size has been observed since the winter closures began in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Invasive weeds such as spotted knapweed, leafy spurge, cheatgrass, sulfur cinquefoil, Dyers Woad and Dalmatian toadflax are established across Mount Jumbo. Numerous management programs are working to combat the invasive species spread. A non-profit organization called Working Dogs, has trained dogs to detect Dyers Woad. After 10 years of detection work the number of this invasive plant has dropped from thousands to only 7 plants per year. Community weed-pulls organized by Missoula City as well as student, conservation and other private groups work to remove thousands of pounds of weeds from the mountain’s face every year. Sheep have also been used as a management tool to graze on the unwanted species, although their efficacy is doubtful.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hiking</p><br>
<p>The "L" – The letter “L” cemented onto the face of Mount Jumbo represents Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School, situated at the base of the mountain. The trail to the “L” gains 500 feet in elevation over 1.5 miles.</p><br>
<p>USA West Trail – Beginning at Cherry Street, the trail climbs the southwest face of Mount Jumbo and then extends east, paralleling interstate 90, with access to East Missoula.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Hills Trailhead access to the Rattlesnake National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>Mountain Biking</p><br>
<p>Woods Gulch Loop</p><br>
<p>Marshall Canyon Loop</p><br>
<p>Flora and Fauna</p><br>
<p>Fauna of interest seen on Mount Jumbo include: whitetail deer, mule deer, black bear, elk, mountain lions, red fox, swallowtail butterflies, Blue Grouse, Lazuli Buntings, blue birds and falcons.</p><br>
<p>Flora highlights include: service berry, hawthorn, ninebark, bluebunch wheatgrass, Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of pine beetle infestation in conifers has been observed on Mount Jumbo.</p><br>
<p>Tel Zeror is an archaeological tel, approximately four km east of Hadera, SE of Kibbutz Gan Shmuel and south of Moshav Talmei Elazar. The tel, unconventionally, has two peaks, and between them is a field. The site is just south of the convergence of three small waterways; the Hadera Stream, Wadi Ara, and Nahal Yitzhak, where they continue westward as the Hadera Stream.</p><br>
<p>Tel Zeror is sometimes identified with Zrar, a city mentioned in the description of Thutmosis III&#39;s conquests, from the fifteenth century BCE. Another possibility is that the site is Machtar, from the same description.</p><br>
<h2>History and Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Tel Zeror was first excavated in 1928 by John Garstang, who spent a single day at the site. It was the first proper tel in the Sharon Plain to be excavated. In the 1960s, a Japanese expedition spent three seasons uncovering a fortified, 50-dunam city, and returned in 1974 for an additional season.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>The Middle Bronze Age city was fortified with a city wall, built of earth, mud-bricks and stone, and surrounded by a moat. The wall was 4.5 meters wide, and a watch tower was incorporated in it. The moat was 10 meters wide. The depth of its lowest course is unknown, because the excavators reached groundwater and could not dig further. At some point the wall was destroyed and then renewed.</p><br>
<p>Tel Zeror seems to have been abandoned from the 18th century BCE, and not resettled until the early 15th century BCE.</p><br>
<p>By the Late Bronze Age (LB), the site was unfortified, but boasted large buildings and an industrial copper-working quarter with smelting furnaces, crucibles, and large amounts of copper slag. Cypriot ceramic ware was found in this quarter, probably originating from the same source as the copper itself, that is, Cyprus.</p><br>
<p>Two types of LB burials were found at the site; graves lined with cut stones that contained burial offerings, and pit burials. In both types, positioning was on the back, facing west. Tentative dating suggests the 13th century BCE.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>In the Iron Age (11th century BCE), the site had a large mud-brick citadel, and a casemate wall. Four room houses of this period were discovered, as well.</p><br>
<p>Iron Age burials in storage jars were found at Tel Zeror.</p><br>
<p>The site was continually occupied until it was destroyed in the eighth century BCE by the invading Assyrians, and then resettled later in the sixth century BCE.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic-Byzantine Periods</h3><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic period there was a rounded watch tower on the northern hill, with a spiral staircase, for an agriculturally oriented settlement ("manor farm").</p><br>
<p>In the Byzantine period, the area south of the tel was populated.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>In the Mamluke period there was a town on the southern hill called Tel a-Dhurer. In the 13th and 14th centuries CE, the northern hill became a Muslim burial ground. Burials were simple or stone-lined, bodies positioned on the side, with the face to the south. Tel a-Dhurer existed until 1948.</p><br>
<p>Grace Reformed Church is a historic church located at 1405 15th Street in NW Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>Originally organized as a Reformed Church in the United States congregation, it is now affiliated with the United Church of Christ (UCC). From the earliest days, the Congregation has made the historic creeds an integral part of its traditional worship with Gospel preaching and sacred choral and instrumental music. The Church School also is Bible-centered.</p><br>
<p>Special historic interest attaches to Grace Reformed Church because Theodore Roosevelt was a member while President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places, along with its Sunday School and Parish House, in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Reformed Church, located in Washington D.C., was organized with 14 charter members on October 7, 1877. The church traces its roots to the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland in the 16th century. The church was originally organized as a Reformed Church in the United States congregation, and is now affiliated with the United Church of Christ (UCC).</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the congregation that would become Grace Reformed Church was established for English-speaking Reformed Church believers. Grace Reformed Church was initially supported as a mission church by the Maryland Classis, the governing body of the Reformed Church in the region.</p><br>
<p>Grace Reformed Church became affiliated with the Evangelical Church through the merger of the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) with the Evangelical Synod of North America (ESNA) to form the Evangelical and Reformed Church (E&R) of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Then, in 1957 the Evangelical and Reformed Church merged with the majority of the Congregational Christian Churches (CC) to form the United Church of Christ (UCC). Today, Grace Reformed Church (Washington DC) is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h3>Theodore Roosevelt and Grace Reformed Church</h3><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt was a member of Grace Reformed church while President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt originally belonged to the Reformed Church in America (RCA), a Dutch-American group. As a private person, Roosevelt attended religious services wherever he was. He preferred the Reformed Church if one were available to attend and is reported to have said, "I take a sentimental satisfaction in worshiping in the Church of my fathers."</p><br>
<p>Since there were no RCA congregations in Washington, he chose Grace Reformed Church as a church similar liturgically and theologically to Dutch Calvinism.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt began attending Grace Reformed Church soon after his arrival in Washington, D.C. in 1901 as Vice-President of the United States. Reverend Dr. J.M. Schick, Pastor of Grace Reformed Church between 1900 and 1913, invited Roosevelt to make the church his home. Roosevelt did so and attended church regularly during his eight years in Washington.</p><br>
<p>The President often walked from the White House to attend Sunday morning worship services at Grace Church. The President was usually accompanied by two Secret Service men, and often with family members or friends. He regularly had flowers sent to adorn the altar from the greenhouse at the White House and was a faithful communicant between 1901 and 1909. Roosevelt is reported to have taken part in all the service, singing every hymn, and listening to the sermon, even jotting down notes on the sermons. His regular pew is still in the church. Roosevelt&#39;s appreciation for the spiritual support that he received from his church attendance was communicated by letters he sent to the pastor as well as the gifts of two bishop chairs and his portrait to the church.</p><br>
<p>President Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of Grace Reformed Church on July 1, 1902 and spoke at its dedication on June 7, 1903. As his speech at the dedication ceremony of Grace Reformed Church concluded:</p><br>
<p>President Dwight D. Eisenhower attended a special Sunday morning worship service at Grace Reformed Church in October 1958 that commemorated the 100th birthday anniversary of Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The "Grace Reformed Church, Sunday School and Parish House" was constructed between 1892 and 1903. USA President Teddy Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of the building. Grace Reformed Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Located on 15th Street, N.W. in Washington, D.C., Grace Reformed Church comprises three buildings: the Church or Sanctuary; the Sunday School; and the Parish House. The Church, designed by Paul J. Pelz and A. A. Ritcher, was constructed between 1902-1903. The Sunday School, also designed by Pelz, was constructed from 1911-1912. The Parish House, preceding both religious structures, was erected in 1892 by W. H. H. Knight, a member of the congregation. The three structures are situated so that the Parish House and Church front 15th Street, N.W. while the Sunday School, abutting the Church to the east, faces onto an alley which was originally intended as O Street, N.W.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style is Late Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<p>The exterior design, with its stone shields of Zurich and Geneva and stone heads of the knight and burgher, symbolizes the history of the Reformed Church. The interior contains seven colorful stained-glass windows depicting the life of Christ from the Visit of the Magi to the Ascension.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>In 1880, the Maryland Classis purchased the current site of Grace Reformed Church at 1405 15th Street and in 1881, a chapel was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, it was felt that the Reformed Church denomination needed a new church located in Washington, D.C., to be a national symbol of the denomination and to strengthen its outreach in the nations capital. Money and support began to be collected from members of Reformed congregations throughout the United States. The decision of President Theodore Roosevelt to worship at the church added to the significance of the buildings role in representing the denomination in the nations capital. These sentiments were summed up by the Reformed Church Messenger, the denominations newspaper, on the occasion of the dedication of the church in 1903:</p><br>
<p>The article further emphasized the significance of the choice of the Gothic Revival style to represent the Reformed movement:</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Designs for Grace Reformed Church in Washington, D.C., were begun in 1901, after an agreement was reached and signed between architects Paul J. Pelz and A. A. Ritcher and the Building Committee of Maryland Classis.</p><br>
<p>Specifications detailing the contractor&#39;s responsibilities and the building materials to be used were drawn up and signed by Pelz in April 1902, while a contract between the church and the builders, Richardson and Burgess of Washington, D.C., was signed in May 1902. The D.C. Building Permit (D.C. Permit #2052, 06/07/1902) was filed in June 1902. President Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone on July 1 of the same year.</p><br>
<p>According to the building specifications, the church was of fireproof construction. Several types of materials were used on the building, including stone, brick, iron, copper, tin and slate. The stone facing was specified as Amherst Grey Canyon, supplied by the Cleveland Stone Company. All roofs were covered with Matthews Vermont slate and all cornice gutters were lined with McClure&#39;s IX Genuine Charcoal Iron redipped Tin. The hardware was specified from the Catalogue of the Reading Hardware Company, and the doors and their frames were to be red birch, inside and out.</p><br>
<p>In early 1903, the exterior walls were erected and the sculptural ornamentation was being completed. By early April, the interior of the church was being finalized. At this time, the wainscoting was almost complete, one-third of the floor was laid, a three-manual organ had been purchased, and final preparations were beginning for the dedication ceremony scheduled or June 1903.</p><br>
<p>The architect and contractors had not fully completed their contract by the dedication ceremony, however. On July 25, 1903 a piece of copper work in the alley side cornice had come loose. On July 28 the copper cornice was repaired and the building finally completed.</p><br>
<h4>The Architect: Paul J. Pelz</h4><br>
<p>Paul J. Pelz, architect of Grace Reformed Church in association with A. A. Ritcher, and architect alone for the Sunday School Building, is best known in Washington, D. C. for his design of the Library of Congress. Pelz was also responsible for Georgetown University&#39;s Healy Hall, Riggs Memorial Library, and Medical Department; the Carnegie Library and Music Hall at Allegheny (now part of Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania; the Chamberlain Hotel at Fort Monroe, Virginia; the Government Hospital Buildings at Hot Springs, Arkansas; and the Hospital and Administration Buildings at the University of Virginia; and a great many private residences.</p><br>
<p>Judging from the correspondence between Pelz and the Building Committee during the construction of Grace Reformed Church, Pelz became inspired by the Reformed Church and its philosophies. He studied the history of the church and made an effort to incorporate sculptural elements on the church which were symbolic of the Reformation movement and the Reformed Church. He took pride in the symbolic aspect of the church which had been artistically carved by sculptor James F. Earley and considered Grace Reformed Church, upon completion, "more artistic than any church in this city."</p><br>
<p>In May 1903 a letter from Pelz to Reverend Slagle indicates that, as the church was nearing completion, Pelz was happy with the results. Pelz wrote, "I am truly proud of my work having striven hard to make ends meet. I was through your confidence and liberality with what you could command...enabled to make the very best use of your money and have given you a thoroughly well digested, well built edifice. To the builders belongs great credit for having entered into the spirit which moved me with enthusiasm, and I am prone to say that I have sent my own inspiration down to the very hearts of all the workmen from the foreman down the chain to the very hod carriers and laborers, who are to day proud of having worked on your church..."</p><br>
<p>In his last official letter to Reverend Slagle, dated August 11, 1903, Pelz recognized the church&#39;s artistic value. He wrote, "The church itself is a creation to which I look with much pride. Your liberality permitted me to make it more artistic than any church in this city, and I think of few churches in the United States which have a more artistic development. The quality of the sculptural work you permitted me to apply is of a high grade and should lead to emulation by other denominations for their memorial churches, if their building committees are intelligent enough to rise to the understanding required."</p><br>
<p>Pelzs relationship with Grace Reformed Church did not end with the completion of the church. Eight years later, he was retained as the architect of the Sunday School Building which replaced the original Queen Anne chapel. Pelzs design for the Sunday School was executed again in the Gothic Revival style. This choice of style unified the new Sunday School Building with the design of the original church.</p><br>
<h4>A. A. Ritcher</h4><br>
<p>A. A. Ritcher of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, was also responsible for the design of Grace Reformed Church. It is not known why the two architects collaborated on the design of the building. Although not as active in overseeing construction at the church as Pelz, Ritcher did receive half of the architects&#39; fees, indicating that his role was more than minimal.</p><br>
<p>Very little is known about Ritcher. He was born in Philadelphia in 1873 and died in 1925. He was a member of the firm Ritcher and Eiler, specialists in school design. He was a member of the Historical Society in Lebanon, Pennsylvania in 1911 and is listed as the architect with Beard Construction Company.</p><br>
<h4>The Sculptor: James F. Earlev</h4><br>
<p>James F. Earley was responsible for the sculptural work on Grace Reformed Church.</p><br>
<p>Between 1892 and his death in 1906, James F. Earley was responsible for much sculpture found on private residences, commercial and religious structures in Washington, D.C. Some of his particular pieces include the marble pulpit at St. Patricks Roman Catholic Church, the altar and statues at the Franciscan Monastery in Brookland (which won him a medal by Pope Leo XIII), and the marble relief on the Evening Star Building. Outside of Washington, James F. Earley was especially known for his work on the USA Government Building at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904. Other works of James F. Earley include ornamental detail on the U. S. Custom House in Baltimore; a fountain at the USA Custom House at the Lewis and Clark Centennial in Portland, Oregon; a garland on the U. S. Post Office in Cumberland, Maryland, and Eagles for lamps at the U. S. Post Office in Salem, Oregon (The Washington Architectural Club Catalog 1901, 1903 and 1906). James Farrington Earleys last known work was a memorial at the United States Military Academy at West Point.</p><br>
<p>Earleys sculpture for Grace Reformed Church included much of the stone ornamentation on the exterior of the building, including the carved tympanums above the central door and two side doors; the figure supporting the banner of Frederick, the Elector of the Palatinate; the shields located at either side of the central door, and the heads of the Knight and Burgher serving as label-stops. Paul Pelz praised Earleys work and was pleased at learning "that you are pleased with my endeavor to make your church the most artistic in the city" (Letter from Paul Pelz to Mr. Slagle, February 9, 1903). The sculptural work on the church was entirely completed, at a discount rate of $1,000.00, by early April, 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Late Gothic Revival style, Grace Reformed Church is rectangular in plan with vertical emphasis given by its soaring towers and spires. The church sits upon a granite base and measures 52 feet wide and 71 feet high. It is constructed of Cleveland greystone with much sculptural ornamentation decorating the facade. The facade of the church is three bays wide and fronts 15th Street, while the side (south elevation), consisting of two end gables connected by five bays, extends along the alley.</p><br>
<p>The 15th Street facade consists of a tall, projecting bay with a gable roof flanked by two, shorter side bays covered with cross gable roofs. Octagonal towers topped with delicate spires located at the corners of the central bay articulate this central element and provide a vertical emphasis to the church. A door with a pointed arch pediment is located on center of the central bay with small, pointed arch side lights flanking it. The tympanum above the door is in relief and depicts the Ascension of Christ. Two sculpted Shields representing Geneva and Zurich appear above the side lights. Above the central door and occupying the entire width of the central bay is a large, five-paneled, stained glass tracery window. The window is enclosed within a pointed arch label-molding with label-stops sculpted in the form of two heads representing a burgher and a knight. Above the central window and within the gable is a pointed arch niche within which rests a figure supporting the shield of Frederick, the Elector of the Palatinate, and symbol of the Reformed Church. A sculpted electorate cross terminates the top of the gable, while the spires of the corner towers project slightly higher.</p><br>
<p>The two side bays are identical. Both consist of a central door with carved tympanums, and stained glass, rose windows above, all set within a pointed arch surround. Blind galleries surmount the pointed arch and form a frieze below the cornice line. Square buttresses in plan terminate the ends of the church and extend from the ground to slightly above the roof line of the end bays. Niches are located at the midpoint and at the top of the buttresses. A copper gutter and a copper ridge line are visible at the roof level of the end bays. The South elevation facing the wide alley consists of two gables, one at the west end, the other at the east end, connected by five identical bays, two stories in height. The west bay is part of the church building itself, while the east bay represents the facade of the Sunday School Building, constructed after the completion of the sanctuary. The west gable is pierced by a tracery window, composed of two paneled lancet windows with a rose window above. Sculpted panels of blind arcading interrupt the lancets at a level one-third the height of the window. Pointed label moulds with carved label-stops surround the tracery to protect the windows from the weather.</p><br>
<p>The five bays connecting the east and west gabled ends are identical except for the fifth bay from the west which holds a door at its ground level. Each bay, separated by pilasters, contains a tracery window. Projecting modillions support an unornamented frieze and cornice. These bays are covered with a gable roof supporting three copper dormers with ornamental hoods.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the church occurs on center at the 15th Street elevation. A small, wood-paneled entry vestibule opens onto the central aisle of the church with the raised altar at the east end adjacent to a raised choir stand slightly to its north. The doors on either side of the central entrance similarly open onto an extension of the wooden entry vestibule, leading church goers up the stairs to the balcony level, or onto the main floor. A wide, contoured balcony, supported by cast iron columns, extends the entire width of the church across the west end. Two groups of pews are located to either side of a central aisle at the balcony level.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is a large, open area with a central aisle and very narrow side aisles located between the pews and end walls. The central nave of the church soars a full three stories high, terminating at the raised altar at the east end. The east wall of the altar holds a Sacramental mosaic, beyond a high arch supported by clustered columns with foliated capitals. The sides, vaulted at a lower level than the central aisle, are separated from it by a wooden entablature extending from the altar to the balcony. Wooden ribs, at each bay, extend from the entablature and follow the vaulted ceiling of the aisles to rest on sculpted brackets of stone on the exterior end walls. The brackets are visually supported by pilasters which also serve to delineate the separate bays of the side elevations. The south and west walls display the lancet windows of stained glass. The north wall has two lancets with no glazing (where the north wall of the church is abutting the south wall of the Parish house), and two lancets with stained glass windows. There are a total of eight stained glass windows in the church presenting a series of scenes from the life of Christ, beginning, along the south wall of the church, with the visit of the Magi at His birth, and culminating, at the large, five-paneled lancet window on center of the west wall, with the Ascension of Christ. The window artistry was done by Conroy and Prugh of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>The Sunday School</h3><br>
<p>The Sunday School Building, abutting the church at its east end, is rectangular in plan, measuring 72 feet long and 35 feet 5½ inches wide.</p><br>
<p>The east gable of the south elevation of the church, and facade of the Sunday School Building, is covered with Cleveland greystone and repeats the style and elements of the west gable of the church, but in a manner more appropriate to the school&#39;s function. The east gable, 3½ stories tall, is divided into three parts, consisting of a slightly projecting central portion rising to the apex of the gable and flanked by wings. The entire gabled bay is highly fenestrated, not with tracery windows, but with casement windows at each level. Six sculpted tympanums with the names of important Reformed Church leaders appear above the window openings of the Sunday School Building. The names of "Zwingli" and "Calvin", the founders of the Reformed Church, are carved in the tympanums of the windows located on the third floor of the center bay with two fish sculpted next to them. The fish was a popular symbol of Christianity because the five letters of the Greek word for fish are the initials for the expression "Jesus Christ, son of God Savior". The names of "Bullinger" and "Beza", the successors of Zwingli and Calvin in Zurich and Geneva, appear at the second floor level in the side bays of the Sunday School facade. At the basement level of the central bay are the names of the authors of the Reformed Church Catechism, "Ursinus", the theologian, and "Olevianus", the court preacher at Heidelberg. Small rectangular openings are located at the gable above the Chi-Rho sculpture, a symbol associated with the Roman Emperor Constantine and his becoming a Christian in the fourth century. A highly ornate finial tops the apex of the gable. Piers decorated with pointed arch niches, as found on the front facade of the church, buttress the edges of the central portion and ends of the wings of this east gable.</p><br>
<p>The east side elevation of the Sunday School Building faces a narrow, 10-foot alley. This elevation, not visible to the public, is brick, with no sculptural decoration. The elevation is not completely unornamented, however, as the casement windows of the first and second floors are recessed within pointed arches extending the full two stories. The third floor similarly has casement windows but which are flush with the facade.</p><br>
<p>The north rear elevation of the Sunday School Building faces the rear parking area directly behind the Parish House next door. This elevation, also of brick, has a central gable and two end chimneys. The third level is fenestrated with four casement windows flush with the facade, while recessed windows at the first and second levels (infilled with brick on the first floor) are set within five separate, pointed arches. Small, rectangular, fixed windows appear at the attic level of the gable. Two brick chimneys, on either side of the gable, terminate the ends of this east elevation.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Sunday School Building can be accessed from either the door on the exterior facade, or from an interior door located at the back wall of the sanctuary. Both of these doors open onto an entry vestibule which in turn opens onto a foyer. From the foyer, a set of double doors lead into the "Roosevelt Room" and stairs ascend to the conference room and Sunday School classrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt Room, which is used for meetings and social events, is square in plan and incorporates into its east side wall the cornerstone of the original Grace Reformed Church Chapel on this same site. A vitrine contains Theodore Roosevelt memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>The conference room, rectangular in plan, extends a full two stories in height with a balcony level consisting of the Sunday School class rooms. A central, wooden speakers platform is located at the west end of the room with movable seating in front. A semicircular balcony level, located above the platform, is accessed by wooden stairs at either side of the speakers podium. A narrow walkway is located between the balcony railing and the irregular shaped classrooms divided off behind. The classrooms, placed in the poche, formed by the intersection of the semicircle and the rectangle, are partitioned by rolling slat doors. The design of this classroom and conference area is referred to as "Akron-style", since the first Sunday School of this type, designed in the late 1860s by Lewis Miller, was built in Akron, Ohio.</p><br>
<h3>Parish House</h3><br>
<p>The Parish House is a three-story brick structure with a two story projecting bay. The central entrance door and vestibule is located next to the bay, towards the north end. The projecting bay has paired rectangular windows with a segmental transom light above on the first floor, and paired, segmental arched windows on the second floor. A segmental arched window is located at the second floor of the main block, while three rectangular windows are located at the third floor. The central window is covered with a triangular brick pediment and the side windows have jack arches. Decorative string courses are located at each of the levels and inset brick panels can be found between the basement and first floor and between the first floor and the second floors. The cornice of both the projecting bay and main block is corbelled and supports a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>Pharr Mounds is a Middle Woodland period archaeological site located near Tupelo in parts of Itawamba and Prentiss County in northern Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The complex of eight dome shaped Tumulus burial mounds was in use during the Miller 1 phase of the Miller culture and was built between 1 and 200 CE. It is considered to be one of the largest and most important sites from this era. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as part of the Natchez Trace Parkway at milepost 286.7.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at the headwaters of the Tombigbee River, a rugged, hilly area with many broad, swampy streams. It is named for "Pharr Flats", a wide gently rolling terrace overlooking the confluence of Little Brown and Mackeys Creeks. The site features eight dome-shaped mounds of differing sizes, several of which have been nearly flattened by European American farming. The mounds in the Pharr Mounds site are scattered over 90 acres of land.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1966 Robert Carr, an archaeologist for the National Park Service, led an excavation of four of the mounds. The excavators found fire pits and low clay platforms at the base of the mounds. They also found human remains, some cremated, as well as various exotic ceremonial artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Many of the artifacts were made from nonlocal materials such as Great Lakes copper and greenstone, galena, and mica that were obtained through the Hopewell exchange system. These artifacts, which include copper ear-spools and a greenstone platform pipe, show the connection of the local peoples with the larger Middle Woodland period world of the time.</p><br>
<p>Shiloh-Marion Baptist Church and Cemetery is a historic place in Buena Vista, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival style church building was constructed in 1835 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story one-room wood frame building with a gable roof, on stone piers. It is covered with weatherboard siding and has no exterior ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>One reason the church was deemed significant is that it represents the former community of Church Hill. It is the only surviving structure of the community, which once had five churches plus an academy. It had a phone line in 1885 and it had a post office until 1903. Its NRHP nomination notes an association to the Christian Union faith:In religious history, the church is important for representing the intensity of churches that once existed here, including the important Christian Union faith, which was founded by the Reverend George Lynch Smith. It had all of its few churches in this area. It is important that in the deep, tradition-rooted antebellum South, a minister could gather a flock, albeit small, around the tenets of a new faith, an offshoot of the Church of Christ movement. Although it lasted only a few decades, it is important in Georgia&#39;s religious heritage, and this is the only vestige of the community in which it was located. Traditional accounts are that many meetings were held in other church structures, for the Christian Union faith did not always have its own churches. Thus, some of their meetings had to be held in other churches, such as this one.</p><br>
<p>The First African Baptist Church at Raccoon Bluff is a historic church on Sapelo Island, Georgia. The church was built in c.1899-1900 and is the last surviving remnant of the Raccoon Bluff community, once the largest community on Sapelo Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1866 and was the only church congregation on Sapelo Island until 1884. Its church was at Hanging Bull, on the west side of the island. That church was destroyed by the hurricane of October 2, 1898, and residents of Hanging Bull dispersed. The congregation then built this church at Raccoon Bluff c.1899-1900, using lumber washed up on the shore from the hurricane.</p><br>
<p>Due to pressure to consolidate population of Sapelo Island only in Hog Hammock, so that the rest of the island could be a hunting preserve, the congregation shifted its worship to Hog Hammock in 1963. In 1968 the congregation built a new church there, the First African Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the First African Baptist Church at Raccoon Bluff was restored. by Sapelo Island residents, the state of Georgia, and students from the Savannah College of Art and Design.</p><br>
<p>Acidava  was a Dacian and later Roman fortress on the Olt river near the lower Danube. The settlements remains are located in today&#39;s Enoşeşti, Olt County, Romania.</p><br>
<p>After the Roman conquest of Dacia by Roman Emperor Trajan, Acidava became a civilian and military center, with castra being built in the area. Acidava was part of the Limes Alutanus, a line of fortifications built under emperor Hadrian running north-south along the Alutus - the Olt river. The function of the limes was to monitor the Roxolani to the east and deter any possible attacks.</p><br>
<p>Acidava is depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana between Romula and Rusidava.</p><br>
<p>The same document depicts a second Acidava, between Cedoniae and Apula, but some authors believe it is actually a copy error and the correct name is Sacidava, another Dacian town.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Bessan is located on the border of Gujō, Gifu Prefecture, and Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, and rises to a height of 2,399 m. There are two triangulation stations at the top of the mountain. Mount Haku can be seen from the north. Bessan Shrine  is a short distance from the peak. This area is part of Hakusan National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Haku has been climbed for religious purposes for centuries. One popular hiking route from the Gifu Prefecture side of the mountains to Mount Haku&#39;s peak runs through Mount Bessan. Mount Bessan, whose name means "Separate Mountain," received its name because it is slightly separated from the south side of Mount Haku. To the south of Mount Bessan is a small flat area called the Bessan Plain (別山平 Bessan Hira) and Lake Mitarashi (御手洗池 Mitarashi Ike). Near the lake are the ruins for the Bessan Room (別山室 Bessan-ya), which was used as a rest house for those making the pilgrimage up the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Though Mount Haku, the main peak in the Ryōhaku Mountains, was created by an active stratovolcano, Mount Bessan is made up of sedimentary rock. On the southern face of the mountain is a rock wall called the Taihei Wall (太平壁 Taihei-kabe). Near the peak of the mountain is the tree line made up of Siberian Dwarf Pines. In the beginning of summer, alpine plants like anemones. A wider variety of plants can be seen at lower levels, but the surrounding area is part of Japan&#39;s snow country, so it is covered by snow for more than half of the year.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sentinel, originally known as "Mount Woody," is a small mountain located to the east of the University of Montana in Missoula, Mont. At a height of 1,958 feet and an elevation of 5,158 ft, Mount Sentinel also features the hillside letter "M", a large concrete structure 620 ft up its western face.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The University of Montana first received land on Mount Sentinel in 1902 when the Northern Pacific Railroad Company donated 40 acres at the foot and up the slope of the mountain. The USA Congress later turned over many acres of Mount Sentinel so that campus extended up the slope to the crest of the mountain, making the University of Montana the only university in the nation to own a mountain. In 2000, the city of Missoula also purchased 475 acres along the face of Mount Sentinel.</p><br>
<p>Between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago, a Pleistocene Ice Age glacier moved through the Purcell Trench in northern Idaho, damming the Clark Fork River. This glacial dam created Glacial Lake Missoula, a lake larger than Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined. As the lake continued to grow, pressure increased on the glacial dam, ultimately causing the dam to fail. Water from the lake rushed westward at speeds between 30 and 50 miles per hour across Montana, Idaho, and Washington. The violent flow created by the draining of Glacial Lake Missoula left shoreline marks that are still visible on the face of Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo, a neighboring mountain to the north.</p><br>
<h2>The "M"</h2><br>
<p>The first trail up Mount Sentinel to the area that the "M" would later occupy was cut by forestry students in 1908. In 1909, the junior class constructed the first "M" at the top of that trail with whitewashed rocks.</p><br>
<p>The wooden "M" was destroyed by wind in 1914, replaced, and then wrecked by wind again. In 1915, a new "M" made of whitewashed rocks was constructed 200 feet above the original "M" site.</p><br>
<p>A concrete "M" measuring 125-by-100-feet was built in 1968 at a cost of $4,328. The concrete structure was built because it was no longer feasible to maintain the old, rock "M". This concrete "M" is still located on Mt. Sentinel today.</p><br>
<p>Between 1915 and 1968, while the "M" was composed of whitewashed rocks, freshman boys hiked the trail to the "M" each year to apply a fresh coat of white-wash. The tradition ended with the construction of the cement "M".</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1919, freshman boys hiked the trail to the "M" during homecoming and lit the outline with railroad lanterns. This tradition continues today, with UM Advocates making the hike each year at homecoming to light the "M".</p><br>
<p>Each year, during Native American Awareness Week, a sunrise ceremony is held at the base of the "M" where traditional Salish Morning and Honor Songs are sung.</p><br>
<p>The freshman class of 1914 hiked up Mount Sentinel to whitewash the "M", but instead rearranged the rocks into a "&#39;14". When they descended the mountain they were met by members of the sophomore class and forced to hike back up the mountain and place the rocks back into the shape of the "M".</p><br>
<p>After the Grizzlies of the University of Montana beat the Montana State University Bobcats (known then as the Aggies) in 1920, a group of Aggies fans climbed up the "M" and painted it bright blue and gold. Early the next morning, a Grizzly fan noticed the letter&#39;s new coat of paint, roused some fellow fans and re-painted the "M" white before most Missoula residents even noticed.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The University of Montana natural areas weed manager organizes an annual herbicide application on Mount Sentinel. There is also an annual community weed pull on the mountain. The Forest Service handles weed control for the 441 acres of Mount Sentinel that it owns.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, outdoor retail co-op REI, which gave away $1 million in grants to nonprofit groups dedicated to preservation of community parks, awarded a $10,000 grant to Friends of Missoula Parks for use on improvements to Mount Sentinel.</p><br>
<p>After a fire in 2008, the conservation lands manager for the city of Missoula and a University of Montana natural areas specialist teamed up to spread native grass and flower seeds over the area of Mount Sentinel that was burned.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 2010, the University of Montana Student Guild of the Society for Ecological Restoration teamed up with Run Wild Missoula and other volunteers to help restore the "M" trail. The group added gravel to the path, reseeded barren areas, blocked unwanted side trails, and added more steps to the eighth switchback.</p><br>
<h2>Activism</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, students of Missoula&#39;s Hellgate High School staked a 50-by-20-foot red ribbon next to the "M". The ribbon was installed as part of an annual Hellgate event called Red Ribbon Week that focuses on staying drug-free.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, local environmental activists added a white "350" made of tarps next to the "M" on Mount Sentinel. The display was organized as a part of the 350.org organization&#39;s 10-10-10 Global Work Parties effort. Over 7,000 work parties worldwide did projects to decrease carbon and heighten the awareness within political circles in order to slow climate change.</p><br>
<h2>Fires</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sentinel has a long history of fires, dating back to at least 1930 when the Montana Kaimin reported a grass blaze.</p><br>
<p>More recently, over 300 acres on Mount Sentinel&#39;s west slope, directly above the University of Montana campus, burned in July 2008.</p><br>
<p>At least 20 acres also burned in July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>Kim Williams Nature Trail runs along the Clark Fork River at the base of Mount Sentinel.</p><br>
<p>Hellgate Canyon Trail runs from the base of Mount Sentinel at Kim Williams Nature Trail all the way to the peak of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Mo Z Trail runs from Pattee Canyon Road and the UM Golf Course area up to the Sentinel Fire Road and Pengelly Ridge Trail.</p><br>
<p>Pengelly Ridge Trail runs from the ending of the Mo Z Trail up to the peak of Mount Sentinel.</p><br>
<p>Crooked Trail runs from the end of Mo Z Trail east along the back side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The "M" Trail is a switchback trail that runs from the base of Mount Sentinel at the University of Montana campus up to the famous "M".</p><br>
<p>The Sentinel Fire Road is also a popular trail for hikers and walkers. Owned by the city of Missoula and open to the public, this road runs from the end of the Mo Z Trail up to the "M".</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>While largely barren, the flora of Mount Sentinel includes bitterroot plant, balsam root, paintbrush, prairie smoke, penstemons, Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir as well as invasive weeds like knapweed, cheatgrass, leafy spurge and Dalmatian toadflax. Fauna of the mountain includes whitetail deer, mule deer, falcons, and even black bears.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Carriden House is a 14,041 ft&sup2; mansion in the parish of Boness and Carriden, in the Falkirk council area, east central Scotland. It is located 2.5 km east of Boness, and 4 km north-east of Linlithgow, in the former county of West Lothian. The earliest part of the house is an early 17th-century tower house, which was extended in the 17th and 19th centuries. Carriden House is protected as a category A listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology of name</h2><br>
<p>Carriden is etymologically a Cumbric name. The first element is agreed to be *kair fortification. The second element is more doubtful, but seems fairly likely to be the same regional name Eidyn that also appears in Edinburgh.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carriden House is located within a 2nd-century Roman fort, which formed the eastern end of the Antonine Wall. A tower probably stood on this site in the 16th century, and this was rebuilt or replaced in 1602 by John Hamilton of Lettrick. The tower was purchased later in the 17th century by the Mylne family, a prominent dynasty of masons and architects, and a west wing was added by Alexander Mylne. During the 18th century the house had many owners, and landscaping works were carried out in the grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 1814, the house was bought by Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope (1767–1818), a veteran naval officer. His son Sir James Hope (1808–1881) made further alterations to the building, and also established the estate village of Muirhouses. The estate changed hands several more times, and by the 1970s was owned by the South of Scotland Electricity Board. Demolition was contemplated, to allow the building of a new power station on the site. This proposal was rejected and the house fell into disrepair. It the latter part of the 20th century the house was purchased from the SSEB by the Barkhouse family and restored as a private residence. The house is currently owned by the Blackbourn family and now operates as a guest house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is on an L-plan, and comprises the original tower house and the 17th-century wing. The tower house, dated 1602, is of three storeys and was remodelled in the 19th century. The two-storey wing added by Alexander Mylne is to the west, and bears a 1682 date stone. The study on the first floor has a 17th-century plaster ceiling described as "particularly exceptional". The porch in the angle of the L is also a 19th-century addition.</p><br>
<p>The Aquarius Mountains are a 45-mi  long mountain range in southeast Mohave County, Arizona. The range lies in the northwest of the Arizona transition zone, and at the southwest of the Coconino Plateau, a subsection of the Colorado Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Aquarius Mountains are on the perimeter of the transition zone, and border the south-flowing Big Sandy River and Valley on its west; adjacent further west is the massif of the Hualapai Mountains, a block faulted Basin and Range landform bordered westwards by the north-south Sacramento Valley.</p><br>
<p>Mohave County and northwest Arizona, is also a southeastwards extension of the Mojave Desert which extends down to Wickenburg, Arizona, on the southwest perimeter of the Arizona transition zone. Joshua trees can be found here, and the route north from Wickenburg, USA Route 93 in Arizona is called the Joshua Tree Highway. The region is at the northwest border of Arizona&#39;s Sonoran Desert region of the lower elevation deserts, as they merge northwest into higher elevations of Mohave County.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Aquarius Mountains are mostly a north-south range that curves slightly south-southeast in the south. The north of the range merges into a hill and mountain peak region at the northwest of an adjacent range eastwards, the northwest-southeast Mohon Mountains. The merged area of the two ranges in the north contains Trout and Knight Creeks, both westward-flowing towards the Big Sandy River & Valley ( both due-south trending along a fault). Seven named peaks are around the two creeks, and Cedar Basin. The highpoint of the mountain range occurs here, Snow Mountain (Arizona), 5,879 ft. The second highest peak in the range occurs in the extreme southwest, Grey Mountain, 5,261 ft in the Aquarius Cliffs, part of the Aquarius Fault, a southern extension from the Grand Wash Cliffs and Fault.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>USA Route 93 travels north-south through the Big Sandy River Valley on the ranges west. At Wikieup, Arizona at the ranges southwest, and near Neale and Goodwin Mesas, Route 93 turns southeast to Wickenburg, about 65 mi distant. North regions of the range can be accessed south of Interstate 40.</p><br>
<p>Penyagolosa  is a mountain in the Alcalatén area, Valencian Community, Spain. Geologically it is part of the Iberian System, located at the eastern end of Iberian Peninsula. Its peak is at 1,813 meters above sea level and is often crowned with snow in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The Penyagolosa is widely considered to be most emblematic mountain in the Valencian Community. Since it stands quite isolated, it was thought to be the highest peak in the region, but actually the highest is the 1,839 meter high Cerro Calderón, located in the Rincón de Ademuz, a Valencian exclave where there are three more peaks over 1,500 m.</p><br>
<p>At the base of the mountain is the important pilgrimage destination of Sant Joan de Penyagolosa.</p><br>
<h2>Penyagolosa Massif</h2><br>
<p>The Penyagolosa Massif includes other minor mountain ranges, like the Sierra de la Batalla which stretches westward towards Aragon.</p><br>
<p>The Bynum Mound and Village Site  is a Middle Woodland period archaeological site located near Houston in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The complex of six burial mounds was in use during the Miller 1 and Miller 2 phases of the Miller culture and was built between 100 BCE and 100 CE. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as part of the Natchez Trace Parkway at milepost 232.4.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The 6 hectare site is located on a low ridge which overlooks Houlka Creek in the Tombigbee River drainage area. It has six conical burial mounds, which range in height from 5 ft to 14 ft, and its associated habitation area were constructed and used during the Middle Woodland period, between 100 BCE and 100 CE. In the 1940s, archaeologists with the National Park Service excavated five of the mounds. The two largest mounds were restored afterward and the site is open to the public and now includes informational plaques. Excavations produced artifacts made from non local materials such as Greenstone, copper, and galena, and distinctive projectile points that did not originate at the site or even in Mississippi. Similar high prestige exotic goods were also found at Pharr Mounds, a nearby contemporaneous site, which show the local peoples involvement with the Hopewell exchange system, long distance trade network and religious network.</p><br>
<h3>Mound A</h3><br>
<p>During excavations of Mound A archaeologists found the remains of a woman who had been placed between two parallel burned oak logs buried at the base of the mound. They also found ornamental copper spools at each of her wrists. They also found the remains of two adult males and a child.</p><br>
<h3>Mound B</h3><br>
<p>The largest mound at the site, Mound B, was found to be covering a log lined crematory pit. Archaeologists found twenty nine polished greenstone celts arranged in an L-shaped pattern. They also found human remains, some cremated and others unburned, on the ash-covered floor of the pit. Exotic artifacts including copper ear-spools, nineteen chert projectile points believed to have been imported from Hopewell peoples in Illinois, and a piece of galena were also found.</p><br>
<p>The Abner Davison House is one of several mansions that overlook the Mississippi River on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984, and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties since 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Abner Davison was a Davenport attorney who built his house next to that of Ambrose Fulton. At the time the house was built Davison was a law partner with David S. True. By the 1890s, he was in a partnership with Joe R. Lane. In the 1990s the Davison house was the River Oaks Inn Bed and Breakfast. It currently houses Gilda’s Club of the Quad Cities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in two different phases and it marries two different styles. The original house was built in the Tuscan form of the Italianate style in the late 1850s of early 1860s. This was the popular style employed by Davenport&#39;s wealthier citizens for their homes in this era. This section of the house is the cube-shaped structure on the east side. The two-story wing on the west side was added in the early 20th-century. While it shares some features with the original house, such as the hipped roof, its windows are organized in horizontal bands, which are typical of the Prairie School. Both sections are brought together with the stucco exterior. There was possibly a cupola on top of the original house that was removed as were the brackets from under the eaves. The columned porch is the only decorative element that remains.</p><br>
<p>The Hiram Price/Henry Vollmer House is a historic building located on the Brady Street Hill in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The home is named for two members of the United States House of Representatives who lived in the house, Hiram Price and Henry Vollmer, who both represented Iowa&#39;s 2nd congressional district. The building is now a part of the campus of Palmer College of Chiropractic where it houses the Office of Strategic Development.</p><br>
<h2>Hiram Price</h2><br>
<p>Hiram Price (1810–1901) was a native of Washington County, Pennsylvania and moved to Davenport in 1844. He became a businessman in the city and became involved in local politics. He was an advocate of the Temperance Movement and worked to pass the prohibition of liquor in the state of Iowa. He also was involved in establishing the railroads in Iowa. Politically, he was a Democrat until they tried to force slavery in Kansas. At that time he helped to form the Republican Party in Iowa. He supported Iowa’s governor, Samuel Kirkwood, by raising both men and money to support the Union cause during the Civil War. Price represented the second district of Iowa in Congress twice, 1861–1869 and 1877-1880. In 1881 he was appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President James Garfield. He died in Washington, DC in 1901. He was buried in Oakdale Cemetery in Davenport.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Vollmer</h2><br>
<p>Henry Vollmer (1867–1930) was a native of Davenport who worked an attorney and served the city as its mayor from 1892-1896. During his five terms as mayor the streets in the older part of town were paved and the current city hall was built. The city was also able to weather the financial panic of 1893. Vollmer won a special election in 1914 to the House of Representatives to fill the seat of Irvin S. Pepper, who died in office. Unlike Price, Vollmer did not support the prohibition of alcohol. He died in California.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Price in 1870. It is a two-story Italianate structure built of brick. The dominate feature of the house is the three-story entrance tower. The arched windows have decorative hoods. Bracketed eaves and a hipped roof top the house. An unusual feature of the house is the bowed front wing on the north side. The corners of the house and tower are quoined. The veranda on the south side of the front main level was enclosed and covered with permastone at one time. It has since been restored.</p><br>
<p>The Renwick Building is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983, and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties since 2000. It is known locally for the large painted sign on the north side of the building depicting the Bix 7 Road Race.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built by its namesake William Renwick, who was a prosperous Davenport industrialist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Two of his houses are also on the National Register of Historic Places, the Renwick House on Brady Street and the Renwick Mansion, which is a contributing property in the St. Katherines Historic District. The building combined retail and warehouse space and housed various furniture stores over the years. The storefront was modernized in the 1930s. Henry Huebotters Davenport Furniture was the first business to occupy the structure after it was built. It was followed by Drake Furniture and Carpet, Iowa Furniture & Carpet Co. and Freeman-Glickman. Matthew’s Office Supply occupied the building until 2005. The building sat empty until 2012 when Restoration St. Louis, who also renovated the Forrest Block and the Hotel Blackhawk, began a $4.5 million renovation of the building. The upper floors house 18 loft-style apartments and commercial space on the main floor. In 2015 the independent music website Daytrotter moved into the commercial space.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Renwick Building is a steel frame and brick commercial building. The four-story building reflects the Chicago Commercial Style. The brick façade acts as the building’s skin around the steel frame, which supports the structure. This technology allowed a greater expanse of windows, which are found in this building. Decorative elements are found at the top of the building. Round arch windows in a tri-partite configuration line the fourth floor on the facade, and the building is topped with a heavy ornate cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Union Electric Telephone & Telegraphis a historic building located in a small-scale commercial area just north of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Telephone service in the city of Davenport was initiated in 1878 when a private line was installed between the Davenport Water Company office and plant. The following year 36 subscribers in Davenport, Rock Island and Moline, Illinois were hooked up to a switchboard. That area was expanded to 41 towns along the Mississippi River by the Western Telephone Company in 1881. Iowa Telephone and Telegraph was organized the next year and started to serve Davenport residents. Union Electric Telephone and Telegraph entered the market in 1902 and they built this building in 1910. They had about 1,400 customers, but they ceased operations the following year. It was replaced by Tri-City Automatic Telephone</p><br>
<p>Company in 1912, but lasted only a few years. Scott County had more than 50 private telephone companies in 1910. By 1916 the Iowa Telephone Company, the parent of the modern day Bell system, was the only surviving company.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The utility company built this building for its use on the corner of Harrison and Sixth Streets. It is a brick building on a stone foundation. The two-story structure sits on a raised basement. A staircase rises to the main entrance in the center of the main level. A decorative hood crowns the entrance. Four pilasters adorn the façade on the first and second levels. They are capped by Corinthian capitals. The façade is crowned with an imposing pediment. The window openings feature roman arched windows on the second floor that are capped with a hood and a decorative keystone. The glass block and industrial-type windows are a later addition, as is the addition to the north.</p><br>
<p>Garrett Island is an island located in Cecil County, Maryland, 1.8 mi from the mouth of the Susquehanna River, directly west of Perryville and north of Havre de Grace. It is managed by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. The island is crossed by the CSX Susquehanna River Bridge on the north side and the Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge on the south side.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cecil Observer, quoting the Chesapeake Bay Journal, describes the geologic history of Garrett Island: "Garrett Island is the geologic remnant of what was once an offshore volcano in an ancient sea. The rocky high ground on the islands west side is the remains of the volcanic core. Basalt and quartz formed by the volcanic activity are still present.&#39;" Garrett Island is the only rocky island in the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Human presence on Garrett Island is known from 8,000 to 5,000 years ago. John Smith may have visited the island in 1608 but there is no definitive documentation proving this. In 1622, the island was given to Edward Palmer as part of a land grant by King James I, and the earliest documented European presence dates to 1637 when William Claiborne established a trading post on the island. In the same year, Maryland troops evicted Claibornes Virginia traders from the Upper Chesapeake region and built Fort Conquest on what was then called "Palmers Island." During the later colonial period, the island was farmed by a family named "Watson" and it eventually came to be called "Watson Island."</p><br>
<p>Watson Island was purchased by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in the 1880s so a bridge could be built across the Susquehanna River at that point. The island was named after John W. Garrett, then president of the railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Garrett Island provides habitat for 44 species of birds including eagles, common loons, tundra swans, and 14 species of ducks.</p><br>
<p>Picos de Urbión, or "Urbion Peaks" is a mountain range in the Sistema Ibérico, Spain, limited by the Sierra de Neila and Sierra Cebollera of the same range. The ridge&#39;s highest summit, Pico Urbión, is 2,228 m) is one of the highest points in the 500 km long Sistema Ibérico.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Picos de Urbión are located in the municipal terms of Viniegra de Abajo, Duruelo de la Sierra and Covaleda, between the provinces of Soria and Burgos in Castile and León and La Rioja (Spain). The Duero River and the Najerilla have their source in these mountains.</p><br>
<p>These mountain ranges divide the Ebro and Duero basins.</p><br>
<p>Its relief was modelled by glaciers, giving origin to lakes like the Laguna de Urbión or the Laguna Negra, both good places for hiking.</p><br>
<p>The highest peaks of the range are usually covered in snow between October and May every year. The Sierra de la Demanda is located north of these mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Anthony and Susan Cardinal Walke House is a historic residence on the west side of Chillicothe, Ohio, United States. Erected around 1812, it is a Colonial Revival house built in the style of the early post-independence period of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The approximate construction date for the Walke House is known from local land records, which show that the value of the property rose from $5 to $223 per acre shortly after 1812. It appears that the building was constructed under Thomas James, who owned this piece of land from 1812 to 1819; however, it seems that he never finished construction, for land records suggest that it was completed under the ownership of Cadwallader Wallace, who owned it from 1819 to 1820. Wallace sold this land to Anthony Walke, the namesake of the house; among the members of the Walke family was Anthony&#39;s second son, Henry, who became both a prominent artist and an admiral in the United States Navy.</p><br>
<p>Various elements of the Federal and Classical Revival architectural styles are present at the Walke House, including the prominent front portico with its four columns. the house features such elements as a fanlight, multiple Palladian windows, and a hip roof. Despite some modifications made during the early twentieth century, the house remains largely as it was when it was built; the interior woodwork has been preserved, as have all exterior elements except for the roof.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is surrounded by its original lawn; although the city has grown to surround the property, the house&#39;s immediate vicinity is essentially unchanged and thus presents a significant contrast to the surrounding neighborhood. In 2007, the Walke House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its prominent place in the architecture of Chillicothe.</p><br>
<p>Grays Armory is a historic building in Cleveland, Ohio. It was built by the Cleveland Grays, a private military company which was founded in 1837. This is one of the oldest standing buildings in downtown Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>The Cleveland Grays</h2><br>
<p>The Cleveland Grays is a social organization devoted to the promotion of patriotism and the preservation of the military heritage of Greater Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>The units original purpose was twofold: to provide assistance and support to the local law enforcement authorities of the time as well as to provide a first line of defense for the city in the event that the fighting in Canadas Rebellions of 1837 spilled over the border and into the United States resulting in a third war with the United Kingdom in less than a century. The unit&#39;s motto is Semper Paratus (from the Latin: "Always Ready").</p><br>
<p>The first organizational meeting was held on August 28, 1837, and on September 18, seventy-eight men joined the active company. At the time of its founding, the unit was called The Cleveland City Guards but within the next year the membership decided that their organization would be known by reference to the gray color of their uniforms. On November 29, 1838 the Grays made one of the first of their many parade appearances fully dressed in their distinctive gray uniforms and tall black bearskin caps. As the years passed, those who had earned the status of "Pioneer" for their membership of twenty-five or more years were entitled to add leather aprons to their uniforms and to carry axes when on parade.</p><br>
<p>The Grays saw military service as a unit during the Civil War and the Spanish–American War. Reforms of the countrys militia system which began with the Militia Act of 1903 and continued with subsequent legislation at the state and federal levels meant that the era of private military companies official participation in national military affairs had come to an end and while the Grays, under the leadership of Ludwig S. Connelly, were able to enlist in the Ohio National Guard (ONG) for duty during the Mexican Punitive Expedition, they essentially did so as a group of private citizens enlisting en masse and not as a private military company. Their participation in World War I, which began immediately upon their ONG unit&#39;s release from duty on the Mexican border, was the last conflict in which the Grays saw active service even as a group of enlistees. Individual members have served in subsequent conflicts.</p><br>
<h2>History of Grays Armory</h2><br>
<p>The Grays made their home in several different places from the time of their founding until the completion of their own building on Bolivar Road. The Grays&#39; first armory was located on the fourth floor of the Mechanics Block, newly erected in 1838 at the southeast corner of Ontario Street and Prospect Street. In 1870, they moved into a building which had once served as a fire station on Frankfort Street. By March 20, 1880 the Grays had moved into the new City Armory on Long Street and used that facility as its headquarters along with the 5th Regiment, Ohio National Guard until December 8, 1892 when fire destroyed the building and much of its contents including equipment and guns belonging to the Grays. Major Otto Schade and several of his men were able to save a few items without any cost to their health or their lives. The unit was able to recover very quickly and funds were soon amassed for the purpose of building a new armory. Until construction was completed in 1893, the company found a temporary home at the Gatling Gun Battery Armory on Sibley Street.</p><br>
<h3>After the fire</h3><br>
<p>On May 30, 1893. a three-ton Berea sandstone foundation block was put in place by Colonel John Frazee. The main portion of the building is four stories high, and the most notable feature is the five-story tower on the northeast corner of the building. The tower has 3 x 5 foundation blocks, the main entrance corners and the front window lintels are all of solid rough-hewn sandstone. The main entry arch rests on top of polished granite columns that rise from each cornerstone. Positioned above is a black iron drop-gate, and a gothic barrier between the front steps and the colossal oak doors. There were also pointed iron rods bolted to the scarlet brick walls that make up the window protectors on the first floor. The effect is a splendid mix of color and texture in materials. The overall design effectively conveys that this is an urban fortress.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland Grays Armory has been long known for hosting the citys premiere social events. Grays Armory earned repute as an exclusive venue right from the beginning during the celebrations for Clevelands Centennial (1896). The Grays Armory events went way beyond the customary military balls and band concerts typical during that era. This building was originally built to house weapons and provides a drill hall for the militia; this edifice quickly evolved into a vital community center for the turn-of-the century Clevelanders.</p><br>
<h2>The Cleveland Grays Armory Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Grays Armory Museum seeks to share its historical and cultural legacy with the public. Beyond stewardship of the building and conservation of artifacts, the museum strives to preserve the traditions and the rich heritage of those who serve their country and their community. The museum actively fulfills this objective by preserving, interpreting and presenting the military history of the United States. The museum regularly reaches out to Greater Cleveland by sponsoring open-house events intended to reach diverse audiences. Each Veterans Day, the museum presents a cultural and educational program honoring those who serve. In the past, programs that have included patriotic orchestra concerts and special touring exhibits. The Grays Armory can also be rented for special events such as private parties, weddings, receptions, and even proms.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>In July, 1970 the 3 manual 17 rank pipe organ was installed. The organ originates from the Warner Theater in Erie, Pennsylvania. Three or four concerts per year are given on this organ, sponsored by the Western Reserve Theater Organ Society.</p><br>
<p>The John C. Schricker House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has also been listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>John C. Schricker</h2><br>
<p>John Schricker was a stone and marble contractor. His work included the Dillon Memorial in downtown Davenport and the Iowa Soldiers and Sailors Monument on the grounds of the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines. Schricker became a partner along with Captain Chris Schricker and F.G. Roddler in the Davenport Pearl Button Company in 1895. The company made buttons from clam shells harvested from the Mississippi River. They remained in business until the 1930s. Schricker hired Davenport architect Gustav Hanssen, who was also responsible for the rectory at Sacred Heart Cathedral and the Central Fire Station, to design his house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The residence is a sophisticated example of the symmetrical Georgian Colonial Revival style. It features an elegant front porch held up with Doric columns and a veranda above. Paired pilasters frame the front porch and are capped with Ionic capitals. The tripartite articulation of the façade is somewhat unusual with its pedimented end bays. Double doors form the main entrance into the house and they are framed by side lights and a transom. Access to the veranda is through a rounded archway of brick.</p><br>
<p>The Edward S. Barrows House, also known as the Capital Apartments, is a historic building located just north of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1976. The nomination form and the National Register erroniously attribute the house to Edward S. Barrows, as all other sources give his first name was Egbert.</p><br>
<h2>Dr. Egbert Storr Barrows</h2><br>
<p>Barrows was a native of Middlebury, Vermont and he studied medicine in Frankfort, Kentucky. He was a surgeon in the United States Army during the Seminole Wars. When he first came to Iowa he settled in Rockingham before settling in the nascent community of Davenport in 1836. Barrows was the first person to practice medicine in Scott County and the second person in all of the Wisconsin Territory. He had a seemingly odd medical philosophy as he advised his friends and patients to leave doctors "severely alone and take as little medicine as possible." In 1856 he helped to establish the Scott County Medical Society.</p><br>
<p>Barrows had this house built around 1850. He was one of the few people in the city&#39;s early years who was able to afford the style on a large scale. Barrows died in 1892 and at some point the house was divided into apartments, and stucco covered the fieldstone exterior. It had become a derelict property by the early 1970s. The interior was filled with garbage, and the interior was vandalized. Lolita Bower spent 30 years restoring the house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Greek Revival was the first style of architecture to have an impact in Davenport. The side gabled house features a large porch across the front. It is topped by a triangular pediment that is held up by Doric columns. The long rectangular windows on the first floor are decorated with simple, molded cornices. A simple cornice is also found at the roofline. One source says that Barrow&#39;s could not find a local craftsman to create the columns for the porch so he did it himself. another source says they were created in the south and they were shipped to Davenport via steamboat and brought to this location by teams of horses. The native stone was taken from a nearby riverbank.</p><br>
<p>The D.C. Eldridge House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>D.C. Eldridge</h2><br>
<p>D.C. Eldridge was one of the original settlers in the city of Davenport. In December 1836 he opened a store in a log house on the corner of Front Street (now River Drive) and Ripley Street. He was said to be the first person in the town to keep a general assortment of goods. Antoine LeClaire, who was named the towns first postmaster, named Eldridge his deputy. Eldridge was a Whig politically and served as postmaster during the administrations of Presidents John Tyler and Zachary Taylor.</p><br>
<p>The legislature of the Territory of Iowa incorporated the town in the winter of 1838-1839. The first election of officers was held on April 1, 1839, and Eldridge was elected one of the trustees. On July 25 of the same year seventeen people met in Eldridge’s house to organize the Christian Church, also known as the Disciples of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival style was the first style to have a significant impact in Davenport. The home was believed to have been built by another early Davenport settler Ambrose Fulton in 1865. The house is somewhat unusual from other examples of this style in Davenport. It is five bays rather than the typical three and its bank construction. From the north, the structure appears to be a small cottage, but its south façade reveals it to be a full two-story house. The north dormer and the porches on the north and south sides are believed to have been added 10 to 20 years after the house was built. The porch on the north side is a small, single bay structure while the porch on the south side is two stories and covers the full length of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Nichols House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The house was built in 1884 by Oscar P. Nichols, who was a partner in the Davenport Nursery. The house is an example of Stick-Eastlake style of architecture. It is a version of the Queen style where the wooden strips were applied to the exterior of the structure in vertical, horizontal and on the diagonal to give it a basket-like quality. Other decorative elements applied to exterior of this house include the decoratively carved front porch that features an openwork tympanum at its gable end, the diagonal stickwork in the front gable end, a belt course of vertical strips between the first and second floor and molded vergeboards. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Schebler House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Richard Schebler, who built this house in 1876. was a grain buyer. Before living here he had lived elsewhere in the neighborhood. The house is an example of a popular form found in the city of Davenport: two-story, three –bay front gable, with an entrance off center and a small attic window below the roof peak. This house is also of wood construction, which allows for more elaboration. Here it is seen in the wall shingles, the small columned porch, and the surround of the attic window. Above the gable window is an intricately carved apron. Surrounding the entrance is an Eastlake-style porch. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
